cregit-Linux how code gets into the kernel

Release 4.13 security/device_cgroup.c

Directory: security
/*
 * device_cgroup.c - device cgroup subsystem
 *
 * Copyright 2007 IBM Corp
 */

#include <linux/device_cgroup.h>
#include <linux/cgroup.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>


#define ACC_MKNOD 1

#define ACC_READ  2

#define ACC_WRITE 4

#define ACC_MASK (ACC_MKNOD | ACC_READ | ACC_WRITE)


#define DEV_BLOCK 1

#define DEV_CHAR  2

#define DEV_ALL   4  
/* this represents all devices */

static DEFINE_MUTEX(devcgroup_mutex);


enum devcg_behavior {
	
DEVCG_DEFAULT_NONE,
	
DEVCG_DEFAULT_ALLOW,
	
DEVCG_DEFAULT_DENY,
};

/*
 * exception list locking rules:
 * hold devcgroup_mutex for update/read.
 * hold rcu_read_lock() for read.
 */


struct dev_exception_item {
	

u32 major, minor;
	
short type;
	
short access;
	
struct list_head list;
	
struct rcu_head rcu;
};


struct dev_cgroup {
	
struct cgroup_subsys_state css;
	
struct list_head exceptions;
	
enum devcg_behavior behavior;
};


static inline struct dev_cgroup *css_to_devcgroup(struct cgroup_subsys_state *s) { return s ? container_of(s, struct dev_cgroup, css) : NULL; }

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static inline struct dev_cgroup *task_devcgroup(struct task_struct *task) { return css_to_devcgroup(task_css(task, devices_cgrp_id)); }

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/* * called under devcgroup_mutex */
static int dev_exceptions_copy(struct list_head *dest, struct list_head *orig) { struct dev_exception_item *ex, *tmp, *new; lockdep_assert_held(&devcgroup_mutex); list_for_each_entry(ex, orig, list) { new = kmemdup(ex, sizeof(*ex), GFP_KERNEL); if (!new) goto free_and_exit; list_add_tail(&new->list, dest); } return 0; free_and_exit: list_for_each_entry_safe(ex, tmp, dest, list) { list_del(&ex->list); kfree(ex); } return -ENOMEM; }

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Tejun Heo65.45%125.00%
Li Zefan21.82%125.00%
Total110100.00%4100.00%

/* * called under devcgroup_mutex */
static int dev_exception_add(struct dev_cgroup *dev_cgroup, struct dev_exception_item *ex) { struct dev_exception_item *excopy, *walk; lockdep_assert_held(&devcgroup_mutex); excopy = kmemdup(ex, sizeof(*ex), GFP_KERNEL); if (!excopy) return -ENOMEM; list_for_each_entry(walk, &dev_cgroup->exceptions, list) { if (walk->type != ex->type) continue; if (walk->major != ex->major) continue; if (walk->minor != ex->minor) continue; walk->access |= ex->access; kfree(excopy); excopy = NULL; } if (excopy != NULL) list_add_tail_rcu(&excopy->list, &dev_cgroup->exceptions); return 0; }

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Tejun Heo64.41%116.67%
Li Zefan21.47%116.67%
Total136100.00%6100.00%

/* * called under devcgroup_mutex */
static void dev_exception_rm(struct dev_cgroup *dev_cgroup, struct dev_exception_item *ex) { struct dev_exception_item *walk, *tmp; lockdep_assert_held(&devcgroup_mutex); list_for_each_entry_safe(walk, tmp, &dev_cgroup->exceptions, list) { if (walk->type != ex->type) continue; if (walk->major != ex->major) continue; if (walk->minor != ex->minor) continue; walk->access &= ~ex->access; if (!walk->access) { list_del_rcu(&walk->list); kfree_rcu(walk, rcu); } } }

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Tejun Heo65.56%120.00%
Pavel Emelyanov21.85%120.00%
Lai Jiangshan21.85%120.00%
Total108100.00%5100.00%


static void __dev_exception_clean(struct dev_cgroup *dev_cgroup) { struct dev_exception_item *ex, *tmp; list_for_each_entry_safe(ex, tmp, &dev_cgroup->exceptions, list) { list_del_rcu(&ex->list); kfree_rcu(ex, rcu); } }

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Jerry Snitselaar12.17%125.00%
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/** * dev_exception_clean - frees all entries of the exception list * @dev_cgroup: dev_cgroup with the exception list to be cleaned * * called under devcgroup_mutex */
static void dev_exception_clean(struct dev_cgroup *dev_cgroup) { lockdep_assert_held(&devcgroup_mutex); __dev_exception_clean(dev_cgroup); }

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static inline bool is_devcg_online(const struct dev_cgroup *devcg) { return (devcg->behavior != DEVCG_DEFAULT_NONE); }

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/** * devcgroup_online - initializes devcgroup's behavior and exceptions based on * parent's * @css: css getting online * returns 0 in case of success, error code otherwise */
static int devcgroup_online(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css) { struct dev_cgroup *dev_cgroup = css_to_devcgroup(css); struct dev_cgroup *parent_dev_cgroup = css_to_devcgroup(css->parent); int ret = 0; mutex_lock(&devcgroup_mutex); if (parent_dev_cgroup == NULL) dev_cgroup->behavior = DEVCG_DEFAULT_ALLOW; else { ret = dev_exceptions_copy(&dev_cgroup->exceptions, &parent_dev_cgroup->exceptions); if (!ret) dev_cgroup->behavior = parent_dev_cgroup->behavior; } mutex_unlock(&devcgroup_mutex); return ret; }

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Li Zefan66.25%111.11%
Total96100.00%9100.00%


static void devcgroup_offline(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css) { struct dev_cgroup *dev_cgroup = css_to_devcgroup(css); mutex_lock(&devcgroup_mutex); dev_cgroup->behavior = DEVCG_DEFAULT_NONE; mutex_unlock(&devcgroup_mutex); }

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Aristeu Sergio Rozanski Filho3487.18%133.33%
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Serge E. Hallyn12.56%133.33%
Total39100.00%3100.00%

/* * called from kernel/cgroup.c with cgroup_lock() held. */
static struct cgroup_subsys_state * devcgroup_css_alloc(struct cgroup_subsys_state *parent_css) { struct dev_cgroup *dev_cgroup; dev_cgroup = kzalloc(sizeof(*dev_cgroup), GFP_KERNEL); if (!dev_cgroup) return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dev_cgroup->exceptions); dev_cgroup->behavior = DEVCG_DEFAULT_NONE; return &dev_cgroup->css; }

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static void devcgroup_css_free(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css) { struct dev_cgroup *dev_cgroup = css_to_devcgroup(css); __dev_exception_clean(dev_cgroup); kfree(dev_cgroup); }

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Jerry Snitselaar13.23%120.00%
Total31100.00%5100.00%

#define DEVCG_ALLOW 1 #define DEVCG_DENY 2 #define DEVCG_LIST 3 #define MAJMINLEN 13 #define ACCLEN 4
static void set_access(char *acc, short access) { int idx = 0; memset(acc, 0, ACCLEN); if (access & ACC_READ) acc[idx++] = 'r'; if (access & ACC_WRITE) acc[idx++] = 'w'; if (access & ACC_MKNOD) acc[idx++] = 'm'; }

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static char type_to_char(short type) { if (type == DEV_ALL) return 'a'; if (type == DEV_CHAR) return 'c'; if (type == DEV_BLOCK) return 'b'; return 'X'; }

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static void set_majmin(char *str, unsigned m) { if (m == ~0) strcpy(str, "*"); else sprintf(str, "%u", m); }

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static int devcgroup_seq_show(struct seq_file *m, void *v) { struct dev_cgroup *devcgroup = css_to_devcgroup(seq_css(m)); struct dev_exception_item *ex; char maj[MAJMINLEN], min[MAJMINLEN], acc[ACCLEN]; rcu_read_lock(); /* * To preserve the compatibility: * - Only show the "all devices" when the default policy is to allow * - List the exceptions in case the default policy is to deny * This way, the file remains as a "whitelist of devices" */ if (devcgroup->behavior == DEVCG_DEFAULT_ALLOW) { set_access(acc, ACC_MASK); set_majmin(maj, ~0); set_majmin(min, ~0); seq_printf(m, "%c %s:%s %s\n", type_to_char(DEV_ALL), maj, min, acc); } else { list_for_each_entry_rcu(ex, &devcgroup->exceptions, list) { set_access(acc, ex->access); set_majmin(maj, ex->major); set_majmin(min, ex->minor); seq_printf(m, "%c %s:%s %s\n", type_to_char(ex->type), maj, min, acc); } } rcu_read_unlock(); return 0; }

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Tejun Heo105.88%225.00%
Pavel Emelyanov52.94%112.50%
Total170100.00%8100.00%

/** * match_exception - iterates the exception list trying to find a complete match * @exceptions: list of exceptions * @type: device type (DEV_BLOCK or DEV_CHAR) * @major: device file major number, ~0 to match all * @minor: device file minor number, ~0 to match all * @access: permission mask (ACC_READ, ACC_WRITE, ACC_MKNOD) * * It is considered a complete match if an exception is found that will * contain the entire range of provided parameters. * * Return: true in case it matches an exception completely */
static bool match_exception(struct list_head *exceptions, short type, u32 major, u32 minor, short access) { struct dev_exception_item *ex; list_for_each_entry_rcu(ex, exceptions, list) { if ((type & DEV_BLOCK) && !(ex->type & DEV_BLOCK)) continue; if ((type & DEV_CHAR) && !(ex->type & DEV_CHAR)) continue; if (ex->major != ~0 && ex->major != major) continue; if (ex->minor != ~0 && ex->minor != minor) continue; /* provided access cannot have more than the exception rule */ if (access & (~ex->access)) continue; return true; } return false; }

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/** * match_exception_partial - iterates the exception list trying to find a partial match * @exceptions: list of exceptions * @type: device type (DEV_BLOCK or DEV_CHAR) * @major: device file major number, ~0 to match all * @minor: device file minor number, ~0 to match all * @access: permission mask (ACC_READ, ACC_WRITE, ACC_MKNOD) * * It is considered a partial match if an exception's range is found to * contain *any* of the devices specified by provided parameters. This is * used to make sure no extra access is being granted that is forbidden by * any of the exception list. * * Return: true in case the provided range mat matches an exception completely */
static bool match_exception_partial(struct list_head *exceptions, short type, u32 major, u32 minor, short access) { struct dev_exception_item *ex; list_for_each_entry_rcu(ex, exceptions, list) { if ((type & DEV_BLOCK) && !(ex->type & DEV_BLOCK)) continue; if ((type & DEV_CHAR) && !(ex->type & DEV_CHAR)) continue; /* * We must be sure that both the exception and the provided * range aren't masking all devices */ if (ex->major != ~0 && major != ~0 && ex->major != major) continue; if (ex->minor != ~0 && minor != ~0 && ex->minor != minor) continue; /* * In order to make sure the provided range isn't matching * an exception, all its access bits shouldn't match the * exception's access bits */ if (!(access & ex->access)) continue; return true; } return false; }

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Aristeu Sergio Rozanski Filho12894.12%375.00%
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/** * verify_new_ex - verifies if a new exception is allowed by parent cgroup's permissions * @dev_cgroup: dev cgroup to be tested against * @refex: new exception * @behavior: behavior of the exception's dev_cgroup * * This is used to make sure a child cgroup won't have more privileges * than its parent */
static bool verify_new_ex(struct dev_cgroup *dev_cgroup, struct dev_exception_item *refex, enum devcg_behavior behavior) { bool match = false; RCU_LOCKDEP_WARN(!rcu_read_lock_held() && !lockdep_is_held(&devcgroup_mutex), "device_cgroup:verify_new_ex called without proper synchronization"); if (dev_cgroup->behavior == DEVCG_DEFAULT_ALLOW) { if (behavior == DEVCG_DEFAULT_ALLOW) { /* * new exception in the child doesn't matter, only * adding extra restrictions */ return true; } else { /* * new exception in the child will add more devices * that can be acessed, so it can't match any of * parent's exceptions, even slightly */ match = match_exception_partial(&dev_cgroup->exceptions, refex->type, refex->major, refex->minor, refex->access); if (match) return false; return true; } } else { /* * Only behavior == DEVCG_DEFAULT_DENY allowed here, therefore * the new exception will add access to more devices and must * be contained completely in an parent's exception to be * allowed */ match = match_exception(&dev_cgroup->exceptions, refex->type, refex->major, refex->minor, refex->access); if (match) /* parent has an exception that matches the proposed */ return true; else return false; } return false; }

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Total148100.00%8100.00%

/* * parent_has_perm: * when adding a new allow rule to a device exception list, the rule * must be allowed in the parent device */
static int parent_has_perm(struct dev_cgroup *childcg, struct dev_exception_item *ex) { struct dev_cgroup *parent = css_to_devcgroup(childcg->css.parent); if (!parent) return 1; return verify_new_ex(parent, ex, childcg->behavior); }

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Serge E. Hallyn3162.00%112.50%
Tejun Heo816.00%225.00%
Aristeu Sergio Rozanski Filho816.00%337.50%
Paul Menage24.00%112.50%
Lai Jiangshan12.00%112.50%
Total50100.00%8100.00%

/** * parent_allows_removal - verify if it's ok to remove an exception * @childcg: child cgroup from where the exception will be removed * @ex: exception being removed * * When removing an exception in cgroups with default ALLOW policy, it must * be checked if removing it will give the child cgroup more access than the * parent. * * Return: true if it's ok to remove exception, false otherwise */
static bool parent_allows_removal(struct dev_cgroup *childcg, struct dev_exception_item *ex) { struct dev_cgroup *parent = css_to_devcgroup(childcg->css.parent); if (!parent) return true; /* It's always allowed to remove access to devices */ if (childcg->behavior == DEVCG_DEFAULT_DENY) return true; /* * Make sure you're not removing part or a whole exception existing in * the parent cgroup */ return !match_exception_partial(&parent->exceptions, ex->type, ex->major, ex->minor, ex->access); }

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/** * may_allow_all - checks if it's possible to change the behavior to * allow based on parent's rules. * @parent: device cgroup's parent * returns: != 0 in case it's allowed, 0 otherwise */
static inline int may_allow_all(struct dev_cgroup *parent) { if (!parent) return 1; return parent->behavior == DEVCG_DEFAULT_ALLOW; }

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/** * revalidate_active_exceptions - walks through the active exception list and * revalidates the exceptions based on parent's * behavior and exceptions. The exceptions that * are no longer valid will be removed. * Called with devcgroup_mutex held. * @devcg: cgroup which exceptions will be checked * * This is one of the three key functions for hierarchy implementation. * This function is responsible for re-evaluating all the cgroup's active * exceptions due to a parent's exception change. * Refer to Documentation/cgroups/devices.txt for more details. */
static void revalidate_active_exceptions(struct dev_cgroup *devcg) { struct dev_exception_item *ex; struct list_head *this, *tmp; list_for_each_safe(this, tmp, &devcg->exceptions) { ex = container_of(this, struct dev_exception_item, list); if (!parent_has_perm(devcg, ex)) dev_exception_rm(devcg, ex); } }

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/** * propagate_exception - propagates a new exception to the children * @devcg_root: device cgroup that added a new exception * @ex: new exception to be propagated * * returns: 0 in case of success, != 0 in case of error */
static int propagate_exception(struct dev_cgroup *devcg_root, struct dev_exception_item *ex) { struct cgroup_subsys_state *pos; int rc = 0; rcu_read_lock(); css_for_each_descendant_pre(pos, &devcg_root->css) { struct dev_cgroup *devcg = css_to_devcgroup(pos); /* * Because devcgroup_mutex is held, no devcg will become * online or offline during the tree walk (see on/offline * methods), and online ones are safe to access outside RCU * read lock without bumping refcnt. */ if (pos == &devcg_root->css || !is_devcg_online(devcg)) continue; rcu_read_unlock(); /* * in case both root's behavior and devcg is allow, a new * restriction means adding to the exception list */ if (devcg_root->behavior == DEVCG_DEFAULT_ALLOW && devcg->behavior == DEVCG_DEFAULT_ALLOW) { rc = dev_exception_add(devcg, ex); if (rc) break; } else { /* * in the other possible cases: * root's behavior: allow, devcg's: deny * root's behavior: deny, devcg's: deny * the exception will be removed */ dev_exception_rm(devcg, ex); } revalidate_active_exceptions(devcg); rcu_read_lock(); } rcu_read_unlock(); return rc; }

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/* * Modify the exception list using allow/deny rules. * CAP_SYS_ADMIN is needed for this. It's at least separate from CAP_MKNOD * so we can give a container CAP_MKNOD to let it create devices but not * modify the exception list. * It seems likely we'll want to add a CAP_CONTAINER capability to allow * us to also grant CAP_SYS_ADMIN to containers without giving away the * device exception list controls, but for now we'll stick with CAP_SYS_ADMIN * * Taking rules away is always allowed (given CAP_SYS_ADMIN). Granting * new access is only allowed if you're in the top-level cgroup, or your * parent cgroup has the access you're asking for. */
static int devcgroup_update_access(struct dev_cgroup *devcgroup, int filetype, char *buffer) { const char *b; char temp[12]; /* 11 + 1 characters needed for a u32 */ int count, rc = 0; struct dev_exception_item ex; struct dev_cgroup *parent = css_to_devcgroup(devcgroup->css.parent); if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) return -EPERM; memset(&ex, 0, sizeof(ex)); b = buffer; switch (*b) { case 'a': switch (filetype) { case DEVCG_ALLOW: if (css_has_online_children(&devcgroup->css)) return -EINVAL; if (!may_allow_all(parent)) return -EPERM; dev_exception_clean(devcgroup); devcgroup->behavior = DEVCG_DEFAULT_ALLOW; if (!parent) break; rc = dev_exceptions_copy(&devcgroup->exceptions, &parent->exceptions); if (rc) return rc; break; case DEVCG_DENY: if (css_has_online_children(&devcgroup->css)) return -EINVAL; dev_exception_clean(devcgroup); devcgroup->behavior = DEVCG_DEFAULT_DENY; break; default: return -EINVAL; } return 0; case 'b': ex.type = DEV_BLOCK; break; case 'c': ex.type = DEV_CHAR; break; default: return -EINVAL; } b++; if (!isspace(*b)) return -EINVAL; b++; if (*b == '*') { ex.major = ~0; b++; } else if (isdigit(*b)) { memset(temp, 0, sizeof(temp)); for (count = 0; count < sizeof(temp) - 1; count++) { temp[count] = *b; b++; if (!isdigit(*b)) break; } rc = kstrtou32(temp, 10, &ex.major); if (rc) return -EINVAL; } else { return -EINVAL; } if (*b != ':') return -EINVAL; b++; /* read minor */ if (*b == '*') { ex.minor = ~0; b++; } else if (isdigit(*b)) { memset(temp, 0, sizeof(temp)); for (count = 0; count < sizeof(temp) - 1; count++) { temp[count] = *b; b++; if (!isdigit(*b)) break; } rc = kstrtou32(temp, 10, &ex.minor); if (rc) return -EINVAL; } else { return -EINVAL; } if (!isspace(*b)) return -EINVAL; for (b++, count = 0; count < 3; count++, b++) { switch (*b) { case 'r': ex.access |= ACC_READ; break; case 'w': ex.access |= ACC_WRITE; break; case 'm': ex.access |= ACC_MKNOD; break; case '\n': case '\0': count = 3; break; default: return -EINVAL; } } switch (filetype) { case DEVCG_ALLOW: /* * If the default policy is to allow by default, try to remove * an matching exception instead. And be silent about it: we * don't want to break compatibility */ if (devcgroup->behavior == DEVCG_DEFAULT_ALLOW) { /* Check if the parent allows removing it first */ if (!parent_allows_removal(devcgroup, &ex)) return -EPERM; dev_exception_rm(devcgroup, &ex); break; } if (!parent_has_perm(devcgroup, &ex)) return -EPERM; rc = dev_exception_add(devcgroup, &ex); break; case DEVCG_DENY: /* * If the default policy is to deny by default, try to remove * an matching exception instead. And be silent about it: we * don't want to break compatibility */ if (devcgroup->behavior == DEVCG_DEFAULT_DENY) dev_exception_rm(devcgroup, &ex); else rc = dev_exception_add(devcgroup, &ex); if (rc) break; /* we only propagate new restrictions */ rc = propagate_exception(devcgroup, &ex); break; default: rc = -EINVAL; } return rc; }

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Serge E. Hallyn27238.64%16.25%
Paul Menage273.84%16.25%
Tejun Heo152.13%318.75%
Li Zefan101.42%16.25%
Total704100.00%16100.00%


static ssize_t devcgroup_access_write(struct kernfs_open_file *of, char *buf, size_t nbytes, loff_t off) { int retval; mutex_lock(&devcgroup_mutex); retval = devcgroup_update_access(css_to_devcgroup(of_css(of)), of_cft(of)->private, strstrip(buf)); mutex_unlock(&devcgroup_mutex); return retval ?: nbytes; }

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Tejun Heo2638.81%240.00%
Paul Menage2334.33%120.00%
Serge E. Hallyn913.43%120.00%
Li Zefan913.43%120.00%
Total67100.00%5100.00%

static struct cftype dev_cgroup_files[] = { { .name = "allow", .write = devcgroup_access_write, .private = DEVCG_ALLOW, }, { .name = "deny", .write = devcgroup_access_write, .private = DEVCG_DENY, }, { .name = "list", .seq_show = devcgroup_seq_show, .private = DEVCG_LIST, }, { } /* terminate */ }; struct cgroup_subsys devices_cgrp_subsys = { .css_alloc = devcgroup_css_alloc, .css_free = devcgroup_css_free, .css_online = devcgroup_online, .css_offline = devcgroup_offline, .legacy_cftypes = dev_cgroup_files, }; /** * __devcgroup_check_permission - checks if an inode operation is permitted * @dev_cgroup: the dev cgroup to be tested against * @type: device type * @major: device major number * @minor: device minor number * @access: combination of ACC_WRITE, ACC_READ and ACC_MKNOD * * returns 0 on success, -EPERM case the operation is not permitted */
static int __devcgroup_check_permission(short type, u32 major, u32 minor, short access) { struct dev_cgroup *dev_cgroup; bool rc; rcu_read_lock(); dev_cgroup = task_devcgroup(current); if (dev_cgroup->behavior == DEVCG_DEFAULT_ALLOW) /* Can't match any of the exceptions, even partially */ rc = !match_exception_partial(&dev_cgroup->exceptions, type, major, minor, access); else /* Need to match completely one exception to be allowed */ rc = match_exception(&dev_cgroup->exceptions, type, major, minor, access); rcu_read_unlock(); if (!rc) return -EPERM; return 0; }

Contributors

PersonTokensPropCommitsCommitProp
Aristeu Sergio Rozanski Filho8282.83%360.00%
Jiri Slaby1111.11%120.00%
Serge E. Hallyn66.06%120.00%
Total99100.00%5100.00%


int __devcgroup_inode_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask) { short type, access = 0; if (S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode)) type = DEV_BLOCK; if (S_ISCHR(inode->i_mode)) type = DEV_CHAR; if (mask & MAY_WRITE) access |= ACC_WRITE; if (mask & MAY_READ) access |= ACC_READ; return __devcgroup_check_permission(type, imajor(inode), iminor(inode), access); }

Contributors

PersonTokensPropCommitsCommitProp
Aristeu Sergio Rozanski Filho6375.00%150.00%
Serge E. Hallyn2125.00%150.00%
Total84100.00%2100.00%


int devcgroup_inode_mknod(int mode, dev_t dev) { short type; if (!S_ISBLK(mode) && !S_ISCHR(mode)) return 0; if (S_ISBLK(mode)) type = DEV_BLOCK; else type = DEV_CHAR; return __devcgroup_check_permission(type, MAJOR(dev), MINOR(dev), ACC_MKNOD); }

Contributors

PersonTokensPropCommitsCommitProp
Serge E. Hallyn4975.38%266.67%
Aristeu Sergio Rozanski Filho1624.62%133.33%
Total65100.00%3100.00%


Overall Contributors

PersonTokensPropCommitsCommitProp
Aristeu Sergio Rozanski Filho142746.73%1529.41%
Serge E. Hallyn118638.83%35.88%
Tejun Heo1765.76%1937.25%
Pavel Emelyanov983.21%35.88%
Paul Menage752.46%11.96%
Li Zefan451.47%47.84%
Jerry Snitselaar250.82%11.96%
Jiri Slaby110.36%11.96%
Lai Jiangshan70.23%23.92%
Paul E. McKenney40.13%23.92%
Total3054100.00%51100.00%
Directory: security
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