Release 4.16 mm/vmscan.c
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/vmscan.c
*
* Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Linus Torvalds
*
* Swap reorganised 29.12.95, Stephen Tweedie.
* kswapd added: 7.1.96 sct
* Removed kswapd_ctl limits, and swap out as many pages as needed
* to bring the system back to freepages.high: 2.4.97, Rik van Riel.
* Zone aware kswapd started 02/00, Kanoj Sarcar (kanoj@sgi.com).
* Multiqueue VM started 5.8.00, Rik van Riel.
*/
#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/sched/mm.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/vmpressure.h>
#include <linux/vmstat.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h> /* for try_to_release_page(),
buffer_heads_over_limit */
#include <linux/mm_inline.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/topology.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/cpuset.h>
#include <linux/compaction.h>
#include <linux/notifier.h>
#include <linux/rwsem.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include <linux/freezer.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/delayacct.h>
#include <linux/sysctl.h>
#include <linux/oom.h>
#include <linux/prefetch.h>
#include <linux/printk.h>
#include <linux/dax.h>
#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
#include <asm/div64.h>
#include <linux/swapops.h>
#include <linux/balloon_compaction.h>
#include "internal.h"
#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
#include <trace/events/vmscan.h>
struct scan_control {
/* How many pages shrink_list() should reclaim */
unsigned long nr_to_reclaim;
/* This context's GFP mask */
gfp_t gfp_mask;
/* Allocation order */
int order;
/*
* Nodemask of nodes allowed by the caller. If NULL, all nodes
* are scanned.
*/
nodemask_t *nodemask;
/*
* The memory cgroup that hit its limit and as a result is the
* primary target of this reclaim invocation.
*/
struct mem_cgroup *target_mem_cgroup;
/* Scan (total_size >> priority) pages at once */
int priority;
/* The highest zone to isolate pages for reclaim from */
enum zone_type reclaim_idx;
/* Writepage batching in laptop mode; RECLAIM_WRITE */
unsigned int may_writepage:1;
/* Can mapped pages be reclaimed? */
unsigned int may_unmap:1;
/* Can pages be swapped as part of reclaim? */
unsigned int may_swap:1;
/*
* Cgroups are not reclaimed below their configured memory.low,
* unless we threaten to OOM. If any cgroups are skipped due to
* memory.low and nothing was reclaimed, go back for memory.low.
*/
unsigned int memcg_low_reclaim:1;
unsigned int memcg_low_skipped:1;
unsigned int hibernation_mode:1;
/* One of the zones is ready for compaction */
unsigned int compaction_ready:1;
/* Incremented by the number of inactive pages that were scanned */
unsigned long nr_scanned;
/* Number of pages freed so far during a call to shrink_zones() */
unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
};
#ifdef ARCH_HAS_PREFETCH
#define prefetch_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) \
do { \
if ((_page)->lru.prev != _base) { \
struct page *prev; \
\
prev = lru_to_page(&(_page->lru)); \
prefetch(&prev->_field); \
} \
} while (0)
#else
#define prefetch_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) do { } while (0)
#endif
#ifdef ARCH_HAS_PREFETCHW
#define prefetchw_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) \
do { \
if ((_page)->lru.prev != _base) { \
struct page *prev; \
\
prev = lru_to_page(&(_page->lru)); \
prefetchw(&prev->_field); \
} \
} while (0)
#else
#define prefetchw_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) do { } while (0)
#endif
/*
* From 0 .. 100. Higher means more swappy.
*/
int vm_swappiness = 60;
/*
* The total number of pages which are beyond the high watermark within all
* zones.
*/
unsigned long vm_total_pages;
static LIST_HEAD(shrinker_list);
static DECLARE_RWSEM(shrinker_rwsem);
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
static bool global_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
return !sc->target_mem_cgroup;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Johannes Weiner | 17 | 100.00% | 2 | 100.00% |
| Total | 17 | 100.00% | 2 | 100.00% |
/**
* sane_reclaim - is the usual dirty throttling mechanism operational?
* @sc: scan_control in question
*
* The normal page dirty throttling mechanism in balance_dirty_pages() is
* completely broken with the legacy memcg and direct stalling in
* shrink_page_list() is used for throttling instead, which lacks all the
* niceties such as fairness, adaptive pausing, bandwidth proportional
* allocation and configurability.
*
* This function tests whether the vmscan currently in progress can assume
* that the normal dirty throttling mechanism is operational.
*/
static bool sane_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
struct mem_cgroup *memcg = sc->target_mem_cgroup;
if (!memcg)
return true;
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK
if (cgroup_subsys_on_dfl(memory_cgrp_subsys))
return true;
#endif
return false;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Tejun Heo | 42 | 91.30% | 1 | 33.33% |
| Linus Torvalds | 2 | 4.35% | 1 | 33.33% |
| Vladimir Davydov | 2 | 4.35% | 1 | 33.33% |
| Total | 46 | 100.00% | 3 | 100.00% |
#else
static bool global_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
return true;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Johannes Weiner | 14 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
| Total | 14 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
static bool sane_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
return true;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Tejun Heo | 14 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
| Total | 14 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
#endif
/*
* This misses isolated pages which are not accounted for to save counters.
* As the data only determines if reclaim or compaction continues, it is
* not expected that isolated pages will be a dominating factor.
*/
unsigned long zone_reclaimable_pages(struct zone *zone)
{
unsigned long nr;
nr = zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_INACTIVE_FILE) +
zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_ACTIVE_FILE);
if (get_nr_swap_pages() > 0)
nr += zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_INACTIVE_ANON) +
zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_ACTIVE_ANON);
return nr;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 57 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
| Total | 57 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
/**
* lruvec_lru_size - Returns the number of pages on the given LRU list.
* @lruvec: lru vector
* @lru: lru to use
* @zone_idx: zones to consider (use MAX_NR_ZONES for the whole LRU list)
*/
unsigned long lruvec_lru_size(struct lruvec *lruvec, enum lru_list lru, int zone_idx)
{
unsigned long lru_size;
int zid;
if (!mem_cgroup_disabled())
lru_size = mem_cgroup_get_lru_size(lruvec, lru);
else
lru_size = node_page_state(lruvec_pgdat(lruvec), NR_LRU_BASE + lru);
for (zid = zone_idx + 1; zid < MAX_NR_ZONES; zid++) {
struct zone *zone = &lruvec_pgdat(lruvec)->node_zones[zid];
unsigned long size;
if (!managed_zone(zone))
continue;
if (!mem_cgroup_disabled())
size = mem_cgroup_get_zone_lru_size(lruvec, lru, zid);
else
size = zone_page_state(&lruvec_pgdat(lruvec)->node_zones[zid],
NR_ZONE_LRU_BASE + lru);
lru_size -= min(size, lru_size);
}
return lru_size;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Michal Hocko | 114 | 75.50% | 2 | 20.00% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 24 | 15.89% | 2 | 20.00% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 6 | 3.97% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Hugh Dickins | 3 | 1.99% | 2 | 20.00% |
| Mel Gorman | 2 | 1.32% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Johannes Weiner | 1 | 0.66% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Kamezawa Hiroyuki | 1 | 0.66% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Total | 151 | 100.00% | 10 | 100.00% |
/*
* Add a shrinker callback to be called from the vm.
*/
int register_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
{
size_t size = sizeof(*shrinker->nr_deferred);
if (shrinker->flags & SHRINKER_NUMA_AWARE)
size *= nr_node_ids;
shrinker->nr_deferred = kzalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!shrinker->nr_deferred)
return -ENOMEM;
down_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
list_add_tail(&shrinker->list, &shrinker_list);
up_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
return 0;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Glauber de Oliveira Costa | 42 | 51.85% | 1 | 16.67% |
| Andrew Morton | 28 | 34.57% | 1 | 16.67% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 4 | 4.94% | 1 | 16.67% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 4 | 4.94% | 1 | 16.67% |
| Rusty Russell | 2 | 2.47% | 1 | 16.67% |
| Christoph Hellwig | 1 | 1.23% | 1 | 16.67% |
| Total | 81 | 100.00% | 6 | 100.00% |
EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_shrinker);
/*
* Remove one
*/
void unregister_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
{
if (!shrinker->nr_deferred)
return;
down_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
list_del(&shrinker->list);
up_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
kfree(shrinker->nr_deferred);
shrinker->nr_deferred = NULL;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Andrew Morton | 25 | 49.02% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Tetsuo Handa | 14 | 27.45% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Andrey Vagin | 7 | 13.73% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 4 | 7.84% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Rusty Russell | 1 | 1.96% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Total | 51 | 100.00% | 5 | 100.00% |
EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_shrinker);
#define SHRINK_BATCH 128
static unsigned long do_shrink_slab(struct shrink_control *shrinkctl,
struct shrinker *shrinker, int priority)
{
unsigned long freed = 0;
unsigned long long delta;
long total_scan;
long freeable;
long nr;
long new_nr;
int nid = shrinkctl->nid;
long batch_size = shrinker->batch ? shrinker->batch
: SHRINK_BATCH;
long scanned = 0, next_deferred;
freeable = shrinker->count_objects(shrinker, shrinkctl);
if (freeable == 0)
return 0;
/*
* copy the current shrinker scan count into a local variable
* and zero it so that other concurrent shrinker invocations
* don't also do this scanning work.
*/
nr = atomic_long_xchg(&shrinker->nr_deferred[nid], 0);
total_scan = nr;
delta = freeable >> priority;
delta *= 4;
do_div(delta, shrinker->seeks);
total_scan += delta;
if (total_scan < 0) {
pr_err("shrink_slab: %pF negative objects to delete nr=%ld\n",
shrinker->scan_objects, total_scan);
total_scan = freeable;
next_deferred = nr;
} else
next_deferred = total_scan;
/*
* We need to avoid excessive windup on filesystem shrinkers
* due to large numbers of GFP_NOFS allocations causing the
* shrinkers to return -1 all the time. This results in a large
* nr being built up so when a shrink that can do some work
* comes along it empties the entire cache due to nr >>>
* freeable. This is bad for sustaining a working set in
* memory.
*
* Hence only allow the shrinker to scan the entire cache when
* a large delta change is calculated directly.
*/
if (delta < freeable / 4)
total_scan = min(total_scan, freeable / 2);
/*
* Avoid risking looping forever due to too large nr value:
* never try to free more than twice the estimate number of
* freeable entries.
*/
if (total_scan > freeable * 2)
total_scan = freeable * 2;
trace_mm_shrink_slab_start(shrinker, shrinkctl, nr,
freeable, delta, total_scan, priority);
/*
* Normally, we should not scan less than batch_size objects in one
* pass to avoid too frequent shrinker calls, but if the slab has less
* than batch_size objects in total and we are really tight on memory,
* we will try to reclaim all available objects, otherwise we can end
* up failing allocations although there are plenty of reclaimable
* objects spread over several slabs with usage less than the
* batch_size.
*
* We detect the "tight on memory" situations by looking at the total
* number of objects we want to scan (total_scan). If it is greater
* than the total number of objects on slab (freeable), we must be
* scanning at high prio and therefore should try to reclaim as much as
* possible.
*/
while (total_scan >= batch_size ||
total_scan >= freeable) {
unsigned long ret;
unsigned long nr_to_scan = min(batch_size, total_scan);
shrinkctl->nr_to_scan = nr_to_scan;
shrinkctl->nr_scanned = nr_to_scan;
ret = shrinker->scan_objects(shrinker, shrinkctl);
if (ret == SHRINK_STOP)
break;
freed += ret;
count_vm_events(SLABS_SCANNED, shrinkctl->nr_scanned);
total_scan -= shrinkctl->nr_scanned;
scanned += shrinkctl->nr_scanned;
cond_resched();
}
if (next_deferred >= scanned)
next_deferred -= scanned;
else
next_deferred = 0;
/*
* move the unused scan count back into the shrinker in a
* manner that handles concurrent updates. If we exhausted the
* scan, there is no need to do an update.
*/
if (next_deferred > 0)
new_nr = atomic_long_add_return(next_deferred,
&shrinker->nr_deferred[nid]);
else
new_nr = atomic_long_read(&shrinker->nr_deferred[nid]);
trace_mm_shrink_slab_end(shrinker, nid, freed, nr, new_nr, total_scan);
return freed;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Dave Chinner | 118 | 31.72% | 7 | 21.21% |
| Andrew Morton | 59 | 15.86% | 8 | 24.24% |
| Shaohua Li | 36 | 9.68% | 1 | 3.03% |
| Glauber de Oliveira Costa | 34 | 9.14% | 1 | 3.03% |
| Vladimir Davydov | 28 | 7.53% | 3 | 9.09% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 27 | 7.26% | 2 | 6.06% |
| Andrea Arcangeli | 18 | 4.84% | 1 | 3.03% |
| Chris Wilson | 15 | 4.03% | 1 | 3.03% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 13 | 3.49% | 1 | 3.03% |
| Josef Bacik | 11 | 2.96% | 1 | 3.03% |
| Dave Hansen | 4 | 1.08% | 2 | 6.06% |
| Ying Han | 3 | 0.81% | 1 | 3.03% |
| David Rientjes | 2 | 0.54% | 1 | 3.03% |
| Christoph Lameter | 2 | 0.54% | 1 | 3.03% |
| Bernardo Innocenti | 1 | 0.27% | 1 | 3.03% |
| Pintu Kumar | 1 | 0.27% | 1 | 3.03% |
| Total | 372 | 100.00% | 33 | 100.00% |
/**
* shrink_slab - shrink slab caches
* @gfp_mask: allocation context
* @nid: node whose slab caches to target
* @memcg: memory cgroup whose slab caches to target
* @priority: the reclaim priority
*
* Call the shrink functions to age shrinkable caches.
*
* @nid is passed along to shrinkers with SHRINKER_NUMA_AWARE set,
* unaware shrinkers will receive a node id of 0 instead.
*
* @memcg specifies the memory cgroup to target. If it is not NULL,
* only shrinkers with SHRINKER_MEMCG_AWARE set will be called to scan
* objects from the memory cgroup specified. Otherwise, only unaware
* shrinkers are called.
*
* @priority is sc->priority, we take the number of objects and >> by priority
* in order to get the scan target.
*
* Returns the number of reclaimed slab objects.
*/
static unsigned long shrink_slab(gfp_t gfp_mask, int nid,
struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
int priority)
{
struct shrinker *shrinker;
unsigned long freed = 0;
if (memcg && (!memcg_kmem_enabled() || !mem_cgroup_online(memcg)))
return 0;
if (!down_read_trylock(&shrinker_rwsem)) {
/*
* If we would return 0, our callers would understand that we
* have nothing else to shrink and give up trying. By returning
* 1 we keep it going and assume we'll be able to shrink next
* time.
*/
freed = 1;
goto out;
}
list_for_each_entry(shrinker, &shrinker_list, list) {
struct shrink_control sc = {
.gfp_mask = gfp_mask,
.nid = nid,
.memcg = memcg,
};
/*
* If kernel memory accounting is disabled, we ignore
* SHRINKER_MEMCG_AWARE flag and call all shrinkers
* passing NULL for memcg.
*/
if (memcg_kmem_enabled() &&
!!memcg != !!(shrinker->flags & SHRINKER_MEMCG_AWARE))
continue;
if (!(shrinker->flags & SHRINKER_NUMA_AWARE))
sc.nid = 0;
freed += do_shrink_slab(&sc, shrinker, priority);
/*
* Bail out if someone want to register a new shrinker to
* prevent the regsitration from being stalled for long periods
* by parallel ongoing shrinking.
*/
if (rwsem_is_contended(&shrinker_rwsem)) {
freed = freed ? : 1;
break;
}
}
up_read(&shrinker_rwsem);
out:
cond_resched();
return freed;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Vladimir Davydov | 70 | 38.04% | 3 | 27.27% |
| Glauber de Oliveira Costa | 52 | 28.26% | 1 | 9.09% |
| Johannes Weiner | 25 | 13.59% | 1 | 9.09% |
| MinChan Kim | 24 | 13.04% | 2 | 18.18% |
| Andrew Morton | 7 | 3.80% | 1 | 9.09% |
| Josef Bacik | 3 | 1.63% | 1 | 9.09% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 2 | 1.09% | 1 | 9.09% |
| Dave Chinner | 1 | 0.54% | 1 | 9.09% |
| Total | 184 | 100.00% | 11 | 100.00% |
void drop_slab_node(int nid)
{
unsigned long freed;
do {
struct mem_cgroup *memcg = NULL;
freed = 0;
do {
freed += shrink_slab(GFP_KERNEL, nid, memcg, 0);
} while ((memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, memcg, NULL)) != NULL);
} while (freed > 10);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Vladimir Davydov | 66 | 98.51% | 1 | 50.00% |
| Josef Bacik | 1 | 1.49% | 1 | 50.00% |
| Total | 67 | 100.00% | 2 | 100.00% |
void drop_slab(void)
{
int nid;
for_each_online_node(nid)
drop_slab_node(nid);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Vladimir Davydov | 19 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
| Total | 19 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
static inline int is_page_cache_freeable(struct page *page)
{
/*
* A freeable page cache page is referenced only by the caller
* that isolated the page, the page cache radix tree and
* optional buffer heads at page->private.
*/
int radix_pins = PageTransHuge(page) && PageSwapCache(page) ?
HPAGE_PMD_NR : 1;
return page_count(page) - page_has_private(page) == 1 + radix_pins;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Andrew Morton | 21 | 46.67% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Huang Ying | 20 | 44.44% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Linus Torvalds | 2 | 4.44% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Johannes Weiner | 1 | 2.22% | 1 | 20.00% |
| David Howells | 1 | 2.22% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Total | 45 | 100.00% | 5 | 100.00% |
static int may_write_to_inode(struct inode *inode, struct scan_control *sc)
{
if (current->flags & PF_SWAPWRITE)
return 1;
if (!inode_write_congested(inode))
return 1;
if (inode_to_bdi(inode) == current->backing_dev_info)
return 1;
return 0;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Andrew Morton | 36 | 65.45% | 1 | 25.00% |
| Tejun Heo | 9 | 16.36% | 1 | 25.00% |
| Christoph Lameter | 5 | 9.09% | 1 | 25.00% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 5 | 9.09% | 1 | 25.00% |
| Total | 55 | 100.00% | 4 | 100.00% |
/*
* We detected a synchronous write error writing a page out. Probably
* -ENOSPC. We need to propagate that into the address_space for a subsequent
* fsync(), msync() or close().
*
* The tricky part is that after writepage we cannot touch the mapping: nothing
* prevents it from being freed up. But we have a ref on the page and once
* that page is locked, the mapping is pinned.
*
* We're allowed to run sleeping lock_page() here because we know the caller has
* __GFP_FS.
*/
static void handle_write_error(struct address_space *mapping,
struct page *page, int error)
{
lock_page(page);
if (page_mapping(page) == mapping)
mapping_set_error(mapping, error);
unlock_page(page);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Andrew Morton | 42 | 93.33% | 3 | 60.00% |
| Guillaume Chazarain | 2 | 4.44% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Jens Axboe | 1 | 2.22% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Total | 45 | 100.00% | 5 | 100.00% |
/* possible outcome of pageout() */
typedef enum {
/* failed to write page out, page is locked */
PAGE_KEEP,
/* move page to the active list, page is locked */
PAGE_ACTIVATE,
/* page has been sent to the disk successfully, page is unlocked */
PAGE_SUCCESS,
/* page is clean and locked */
PAGE_CLEAN,
}
pageout_t;
/*
* pageout is called by shrink_page_list() for each dirty page.
* Calls ->writepage().
*/
static pageout_t pageout(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,
struct scan_control *sc)
{
/*
* If the page is dirty, only perform writeback if that write
* will be non-blocking. To prevent this allocation from being
* stalled by pagecache activity. But note that there may be
* stalls if we need to run get_block(). We could test
* PagePrivate for that.
*
* If this process is currently in __generic_file_write_iter() against
* this page's queue, we can perform writeback even if that
* will block.
*
* If the page is swapcache, write it back even if that would
* block, for some throttling. This happens by accident, because
* swap_backing_dev_info is bust: it doesn't reflect the
* congestion state of the swapdevs. Easy to fix, if needed.
*/
if (!is_page_cache_freeable(page))
return PAGE_KEEP;
if (!mapping) {
/*
* Some data journaling orphaned pages can have
* page->mapping == NULL while being dirty with clean buffers.
*/
if (page_has_private(page)) {
if (try_to_free_buffers(page)) {
ClearPageDirty(page);
pr_info("%s: orphaned page\n", __func__);
return PAGE_CLEAN;
}
}
return PAGE_KEEP;
}
if (mapping->a_ops->writepage == NULL)
return PAGE_ACTIVATE;
if (!may_write_to_inode(mapping->host, sc))
return PAGE_KEEP;
if (clear_page_dirty_for_io(page)) {
int res;
struct writeback_control wbc = {
.sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE,
.nr_to_write = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
.range_start = 0,
.range_end = LLONG_MAX,
.for_reclaim = 1,
};
SetPageReclaim(page);
res = mapping->a_ops->writepage(page, &wbc);
if (res < 0)
handle_write_error(mapping, page, res);
if (res == AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE) {
ClearPageReclaim(page);
return PAGE_ACTIVATE;
}
if (!PageWriteback(page)) {
/* synchronous write or broken a_ops? */
ClearPageReclaim(page);
}
trace_mm_vmscan_writepage(page);
inc_node_page_state(page, NR_VMSCAN_WRITE);
return PAGE_SUCCESS;
}
return PAGE_CLEAN;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Andrew Morton | 167 | 71.98% | 2 | 12.50% |
| Andrea Arcangeli | 33 | 14.22% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Hirofumi Ogawa | 10 | 4.31% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Mel Gorman | 6 | 2.59% | 2 | 12.50% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 6 | 2.59% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Christoph Hellwig | 2 | 0.86% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Mitchel Humpherys | 1 | 0.43% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Harvey Harrison | 1 | 0.43% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Al Viro | 1 | 0.43% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Christoph Lameter | 1 | 0.43% | 1 | 6.25% |
| David Howells | 1 | 0.43% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Tejun Heo | 1 | 0.43% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Andy Whitcroft | 1 | 0.43% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Zach Brown | 1 | 0.43% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Total | 232 | 100.00% | 16 | 100.00% |
/*
* Same as remove_mapping, but if the page is removed from the mapping, it
* gets returned with a refcount of 0.
*/
static int __remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page,
bool reclaimed)
{
unsigned long flags;
int refcount;
BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
BUG_ON(mapping != page_mapping(page));
spin_lock_irqsave(&mapping->tree_lock, flags);
/*
* The non racy check for a busy page.
*
* Must be careful with the order of the tests. When someone has
* a ref to the page, it may be possible that they dirty it then
* drop the reference. So if PageDirty is tested before page_count
* here, then the following race may occur:
*
* get_user_pages(&page);
* [user mapping goes away]
* write_to(page);
* !PageDirty(page) [good]
* SetPageDirty(page);
* put_page(page);
* !page_count(page) [good, discard it]
*
* [oops, our write_to data is lost]
*
* Reversing the order of the tests ensures such a situation cannot
* escape unnoticed. The smp_rmb is needed to ensure the page->flags
* load is not satisfied before that of page->_refcount.
*
* Note that if SetPageDirty is always performed via set_page_dirty,
* and thus under tree_lock, then this ordering is not required.
*/
if (unlikely(PageTransHuge(page)) && PageSwapCache(page))
refcount = 1 + HPAGE_PMD_NR;
else
refcount = 2;
if (!page_ref_freeze(page, refcount))
goto cannot_free;
/* note: atomic_cmpxchg in page_freeze_refs provides the smp_rmb */
if (unlikely(PageDirty(page))) {
page_ref_unfreeze(page, refcount);
goto cannot_free;
}
if (PageSwapCache(page)) {
swp_entry_t swap = { .val = page_private(page) };
mem_cgroup_swapout(page, swap);
__delete_from_swap_cache(page);
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping->tree_lock, flags);
put_swap_page(page, swap);
} else {
void (*freepage)(struct page *);
void *shadow = NULL;
freepage = mapping->a_ops->freepage;
/*
* Remember a shadow entry for reclaimed file cache in
* order to detect refaults, thus thrashing, later on.
*
* But don't store shadows in an address space that is
* already exiting. This is not just an optizimation,
* inode reclaim needs to empty out the radix tree or
* the nodes are lost. Don't plant shadows behind its
* back.
*
* We also don't store shadows for DAX mappings because the
* only page cache pages found in these are zero pages
* covering holes, and because we don't want to mix DAX
* exceptional entries and shadow exceptional entries in the
* same page_tree.
*/
if (reclaimed && page_is_file_cache(page) &&
!mapping_exiting(mapping) && !dax_mapping(mapping))
shadow = workingset_eviction(mapping, page);
__delete_from_page_cache(page, shadow);
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping->tree_lock, flags);
if (freepage != NULL)
freepage(page);
}
return 1;
cannot_free:
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping->tree_lock, flags);
return 0;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Christoph Lameter | 103 | 37.59% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Johannes Weiner | 42 | 15.33% | 3 | 21.43% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 32 | 11.68% | 2 | 14.29% |
| Huang Ying | 31 | 11.31% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Linus Torvalds | 30 | 10.95% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Greg Thelen | 22 | 8.03% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Ross Zwisler | 7 | 2.55% | 1 | 7.14% |
| MinChan Kim | 4 | 1.46% | 2 | 14.29% |
| JoonSoo Kim | 3 | 1.09% | 2 | 14.29% |
| Total | 274 | 100.00% | 14 | 100.00% |
/*
* Attempt to detach a locked page from its ->mapping. If it is dirty or if
* someone else has a ref on the page, abort and return 0. If it was
* successfully detached, return 1. Assumes the caller has a single ref on
* this page.
*/
int remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page)
{
if (__remove_mapping(mapping, page, false)) {
/*
* Unfreezing the refcount with 1 rather than 2 effectively
* drops the pagecache ref for us without requiring another
* atomic operation.
*/
page_ref_unfreeze(page, 1);
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Nicholas Piggin | 39 | 92.86% | 1 | 33.33% |
| Johannes Weiner | 2 | 4.76% | 1 | 33.33% |
| JoonSoo Kim | 1 | 2.38% | 1 | 33.33% |
| Total | 42 | 100.00% | 3 | 100.00% |
/**
* putback_lru_page - put previously isolated page onto appropriate LRU list
* @page: page to be put back to appropriate lru list
*
* Add previously isolated @page to appropriate LRU list.
* Page may still be unevictable for other reasons.
*
* lru_lock must not be held, interrupts must be enabled.
*/
void putback_lru_page(struct page *page)
{
lru_cache_add(page);
put_page(page); /* drop ref from isolate */
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Lee Schermerhorn | 20 | 95.24% | 1 | 50.00% |
| Mel Gorman | 1 | 4.76% | 1 | 50.00% |
| Total | 21 | 100.00% | 2 | 100.00% |
enum page_references {
PAGEREF_RECLAIM,
PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN,
PAGEREF_KEEP,
PAGEREF_ACTIVATE,
};
static enum page_references page_check_references(struct page *page,
struct scan_control *sc)
{
int referenced_ptes, referenced_page;
unsigned long vm_flags;
referenced_ptes = page_referenced(page, 1, sc->target_mem_cgroup,
&vm_flags);
referenced_page = TestClearPageReferenced(page);
/*
* Mlock lost the isolation race with us. Let try_to_unmap()
* move the page to the unevictable list.
*/
if (vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
return PAGEREF_RECLAIM;
if (referenced_ptes) {
if (PageSwapBacked(page))
return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE;
/*
* All mapped pages start out with page table
* references from the instantiating fault, so we need
* to look twice if a mapped file page is used more
* than once.
*
* Mark it and spare it for another trip around the
* inactive list. Another page table reference will
* lead to its activation.
*
* Note: the mark is set for activated pages as well
* so that recently deactivated but used pages are
* quickly recovered.
*/
SetPageReferenced(page);
if (referenced_page || referenced_ptes > 1)
return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE;
/*
* Activate file-backed executable pages after first usage.
*/
if (vm_flags & VM_EXEC)
return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE;
return PAGEREF_KEEP;
}
/* Reclaim if clean, defer dirty pages to writeback */
if (referenced_page && !PageSwapBacked(page))
return PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN;
return PAGEREF_RECLAIM;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Johannes Weiner | 101 | 82.79% | 3 | 42.86% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 14 | 11.48% | 2 | 28.57% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 6 | 4.92% | 1 | 14.29% |
| Michal Hocko | 1 | 0.82% | 1 | 14.29% |
| Total | 122 | 100.00% | 7 | 100.00% |
/* Check if a page is dirty or under writeback */
static void page_check_dirty_writeback(struct page *page,
bool *dirty, bool *writeback)
{
struct address_space *mapping;
/*
* Anonymous pages are not handled by flushers and must be written
* from reclaim context. Do not stall reclaim based on them
*/
if (!page_is_file_cache(page) ||
(PageAnon(page) && !PageSwapBacked(page))) {
*dirty = false;
*writeback = false;
return;
}
/* By default assume that the page flags are accurate */
*dirty = PageDirty(page);
*writeback = PageWriteback(page);
/* Verify dirty/writeback state if the filesystem supports it */
if (!page_has_private(page))
return;
mapping = page_mapping(page);
if (mapping && mapping->a_ops->is_dirty_writeback)
mapping->a_ops->is_dirty_writeback(page, dirty, writeback);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 103 | 88.79% | 2 | 66.67% |
| Shaohua Li | 13 | 11.21% | 1 | 33.33% |
| Total | 116 | 100.00% | 3 | 100.00% |
struct reclaim_stat {
unsigned nr_dirty;
unsigned nr_unqueued_dirty;
unsigned nr_congested;
unsigned nr_writeback;
unsigned nr_immediate;
unsigned nr_activate;
unsigned nr_ref_keep;
unsigned nr_unmap_fail;
};
/*
* shrink_page_list() returns the number of reclaimed pages
*/
static unsigned long shrink_page_list(struct list_head *page_list,
struct pglist_data *pgdat,
struct scan_control *sc,
enum ttu_flags ttu_flags,
struct reclaim_stat *stat,
bool force_reclaim)
{
LIST_HEAD(ret_pages);
LIST_HEAD(free_pages);
int pgactivate = 0;
unsigned nr_unqueued_dirty = 0;
unsigned nr_dirty = 0;
unsigned nr_congested = 0;
unsigned nr_reclaimed = 0;
unsigned nr_writeback = 0;
unsigned nr_immediate = 0;
unsigned nr_ref_keep = 0;
unsigned nr_unmap_fail = 0;
cond_resched();
while (!list_empty(page_list)) {
struct address_space *mapping;
struct page *page;
int may_enter_fs;
enum page_references references = PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN;
bool dirty, writeback;
cond_resched();
page = lru_to_page(page_list);
list_del(&page->lru);
if (!trylock_page(page))
goto keep;
VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageActive(page), page);
sc->nr_scanned++;
if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page)))
goto activate_locked;
if (!sc->may_unmap && page_mapped(page))
goto keep_locked;
/* Double the slab pressure for mapped and swapcache pages */
if ((page_mapped(page) || PageSwapCache(page)) &&
!(PageAnon(page) && !PageSwapBacked(page)))
sc->nr_scanned++;
may_enter_fs = (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_FS) ||
(PageSwapCache(page) && (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO));
/*
* The number of dirty pages determines if a zone is marked
* reclaim_congested which affects wait_iff_congested. kswapd
* will stall and start writing pages if the tail of the LRU
* is all dirty unqueued pages.
*/
page_check_dirty_writeback(page, &dirty, &writeback);
if (dirty || writeback)
nr_dirty++;
if (dirty && !writeback)
nr_unqueued_dirty++;
/*
* Treat this page as congested if the underlying BDI is or if
* pages are cycling through the LRU so quickly that the
* pages marked for immediate reclaim are making it to the
* end of the LRU a second time.
*/
mapping = page_mapping(page);
if (((dirty || writeback) && mapping &&
inode_write_congested(mapping->host)) ||
(writeback && PageReclaim(page)))
nr_congested++;
/*
* If a page at the tail of the LRU is under writeback, there
* are three cases to consider.
*
* 1) If reclaim is encountering an excessive number of pages
* under writeback and this page is both under writeback and
* PageReclaim then it indicates that pages are being queued
* for IO but are being recycled through the LRU before the
* IO can complete. Waiting on the page itself risks an
* indefinite stall if it is impossible to writeback the
* page due to IO error or disconnected storage so instead
* note that the LRU is being scanned too quickly and the
* caller can stall after page list has been processed.
*
* 2) Global or new memcg reclaim encounters a page that is
* not marked for immediate reclaim, or the caller does not
* have __GFP_FS (or __GFP_IO if it's simply going to swap,
* not to fs). In this case mark the page for immediate
* reclaim and continue scanning.
*
* Require may_enter_fs because we would wait on fs, which
* may not have submitted IO yet. And the loop driver might
* enter reclaim, and deadlock if it waits on a page for
* which it is needed to do the write (loop masks off
* __GFP_IO|__GFP_FS for this reason); but more thought
* would probably show more reasons.
*
* 3) Legacy memcg encounters a page that is already marked
* PageReclaim. memcg does not have any dirty pages
* throttling so we could easily OOM just because too many
* pages are in writeback and there is nothing else to
* reclaim. Wait for the writeback to complete.
*
* In cases 1) and 2) we activate the pages to get them out of
* the way while we continue scanning for clean pages on the
* inactive list and refilling from the active list. The
* observation here is that waiting for disk writes is more
* expensive than potentially causing reloads down the line.
* Since they're marked for immediate reclaim, they won't put
* memory pressure on the cache working set any longer than it
* takes to write them to disk.
*/
if (PageWriteback(page)) {
/* Case 1 above */
if (current_is_kswapd() &&
PageReclaim(page) &&
test_bit(PGDAT_WRITEBACK, &pgdat->flags)) {
nr_immediate++;
goto activate_locked;
/* Case 2 above */
} else if (sane_reclaim(sc) ||
!PageReclaim(page) || !may_enter_fs) {
/*
* This is slightly racy - end_page_writeback()
* might have just cleared PageReclaim, then
* setting PageReclaim here end up interpreted
* as PageReadahead - but that does not matter
* enough to care. What we do want is for this
* page to have PageReclaim set next time memcg
* reclaim reaches the tests above, so it will
* then wait_on_page_writeback() to avoid OOM;
* and it's also appropriate in global reclaim.
*/
SetPageReclaim(page);
nr_writeback++;
goto activate_locked;
/* Case 3 above */
} else {
unlock_page(page);
wait_on_page_writeback(page);
/* then go back and try same page again */
list_add_tail(&page->lru, page_list);
continue;
}
}
if (!force_reclaim)
references = page_check_references(page, sc);
switch (references) {
case PAGEREF_ACTIVATE:
goto activate_locked;
case PAGEREF_KEEP:
nr_ref_keep++;
goto keep_locked;
case PAGEREF_RECLAIM:
case PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN:
; /* try to reclaim the page below */
}
/*
* Anonymous process memory has backing store?
* Try to allocate it some swap space here.
* Lazyfree page could be freed directly
*/
if (PageAnon(page) && PageSwapBacked(page)) {
if (!PageSwapCache(page)) {
if (!(sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO))
goto keep_locked;
if (PageTransHuge(page)) {
/* cannot split THP, skip it */
if (!can_split_huge_page(page, NULL))
goto activate_locked;
/*
* Split pages without a PMD map right
* away. Chances are some or all of the
* tail pages can be freed without IO.
*/
if (!compound_mapcount(page) &&
split_huge_page_to_list(page,
page_list))
goto activate_locked;
}
if (!add_to_swap(page)) {
if (!PageTransHuge(page))
goto activate_locked;
/* Fallback to swap normal pages */
if (split_huge_page_to_list(page,
page_list))
goto activate_locked;
#ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
count_vm_event(THP_SWPOUT_FALLBACK);
#endif
if (!add_to_swap(page))
goto activate_locked;
}
may_enter_fs = 1;
/* Adding to swap updated mapping */
mapping = page_mapping(page);
}
} else if (unlikely(PageTransHuge(page))) {
/* Split file THP */
if (split_huge_page_to_list(page, page_list))
goto keep_locked;
}
/*
* The page is mapped into the page tables of one or more
* processes. Try to unmap it here.
*/
if (page_mapped(page)) {
enum ttu_flags flags = ttu_flags | TTU_BATCH_FLUSH;
if (unlikely(PageTransHuge(page)))
flags |= TTU_SPLIT_HUGE_PMD;
if (!try_to_unmap(page, flags)) {
nr_unmap_fail++;
goto activate_locked;
}
}
if (PageDirty(page)) {
/*
* Only kswapd can writeback filesystem pages
* to avoid risk of stack overflow. But avoid
* injecting inefficient single-page IO into
* flusher writeback as much as possible: only
* write pages when we've encountered many
* dirty pages, and when we've already scanned
* the rest of the LRU for clean pages and see
* the same dirty pages again (PageReclaim).
*/
if (page_is_file_cache(page) &&
(!current_is_kswapd() || !PageReclaim(page) ||
!test_bit(PGDAT_DIRTY, &pgdat->flags))) {
/*
* Immediately reclaim when written back.
* Similar in principal to deactivate_page()
* except we already have the page isolated
* and know it's dirty
*/
inc_node_page_state(page, NR_VMSCAN_IMMEDIATE);
SetPageReclaim(page);
goto activate_locked;
}
if (references == PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN)
goto keep_locked;
if (!may_enter_fs)
goto keep_locked;
if (!sc->may_writepage)
goto keep_locked;
/*
* Page is dirty. Flush the TLB if a writable entry
* potentially exists to avoid CPU writes after IO
* starts and then write it out here.
*/
try_to_unmap_flush_dirty();
switch (pageout(page, mapping, sc)) {
case PAGE_KEEP:
goto keep_locked;
case PAGE_ACTIVATE:
goto activate_locked;
case PAGE_SUCCESS:
if (PageWriteback(page))
goto keep;
if (PageDirty(page))
goto keep;
/*
* A synchronous write - probably a ramdisk. Go
* ahead and try to reclaim the page.
*/
if (!trylock_page(page))
goto keep;
if (PageDirty(page) || PageWriteback(page))
goto keep_locked;
mapping = page_mapping(page);
case PAGE_CLEAN:
; /* try to free the page below */
}
}
/*
* If the page has buffers, try to free the buffer mappings
* associated with this page. If we succeed we try to free
* the page as well.
*
* We do this even if the page is PageDirty().
* try_to_release_page() does not perform I/O, but it is
* possible for a page to have PageDirty set, but it is actually
* clean (all its buffers are clean). This happens if the
* buffers were written out directly, with submit_bh(). ext3
* will do this, as well as the blockdev mapping.
* try_to_release_page() will discover that cleanness and will
* drop the buffers and mark the page clean - it can be freed.
*
* Rarely, pages can have buffers and no ->mapping. These are
* the pages which were not successfully invalidated in
* truncate_complete_page(). We try to drop those buffers here
* and if that worked, and the page is no longer mapped into
* process address space (page_count == 1) it can be freed.
* Otherwise, leave the page on the LRU so it is swappable.
*/
if (page_has_private(page)) {
if (!try_to_release_page(page, sc->gfp_mask))
goto activate_locked;
if (!mapping && page_count(page) == 1) {
unlock_page(page);
if (put_page_testzero(page))
goto free_it;
else {
/*
* rare race with speculative reference.
* the speculative reference will free
* this page shortly, so we may
* increment nr_reclaimed here (and
* leave it off the LRU).
*/
nr_reclaimed++;
continue;
}
}
}
if (PageAnon(page) && !PageSwapBacked(page)) {
/* follow __remove_mapping for reference */
if (!page_ref_freeze(page, 1))
goto keep_locked;
if (PageDirty(page)) {
page_ref_unfreeze(page, 1);
goto keep_locked;
}
count_vm_event(PGLAZYFREED);
count_memcg_page_event(page, PGLAZYFREED);
} else if (!mapping || !__remove_mapping(mapping, page, true))
goto keep_locked;
/*
* At this point, we have no other references and there is
* no way to pick any more up (removed from LRU, removed
* from pagecache). Can use non-atomic bitops now (and
* we obviously don't have to worry about waking up a process
* waiting on the page lock, because there are no references.
*/
__ClearPageLocked(page);
free_it:
nr_reclaimed++;
/*
* Is there need to periodically free_page_list? It would
* appear not as the counts should be low
*/
if (unlikely(PageTransHuge(page))) {
mem_cgroup_uncharge(page);
(*get_compound_page_dtor(page))(page);
} else
list_add(&page->lru, &free_pages);
continue;
activate_locked:
/* Not a candidate for swapping, so reclaim swap space. */
if (PageSwapCache(page) && (mem_cgroup_swap_full(page) ||
PageMlocked(page)))
try_to_free_swap(page);
VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageActive(page), page);
if (!PageMlocked(page)) {
SetPageActive(page);
pgactivate++;
count_memcg_page_event(page, PGACTIVATE);
}
keep_locked:
unlock_page(page);
keep:
list_add(&page->lru, &ret_pages);
VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page) || PageUnevictable(page), page);
}
mem_cgroup_uncharge_list(&free_pages);
try_to_unmap_flush();
free_unref_page_list(&free_pages);
list_splice(&ret_pages, page_list);
count_vm_events(PGACTIVATE, pgactivate);
if (stat) {
stat->nr_dirty = nr_dirty;
stat->nr_congested = nr_congested;
stat->nr_unqueued_dirty = nr_unqueued_dirty;
stat->nr_writeback = nr_writeback;
stat->nr_immediate = nr_immediate;
stat->nr_activate = pgactivate;
stat->nr_ref_keep = nr_ref_keep;
stat->nr_unmap_fail = nr_unmap_fail;
}
return nr_reclaimed;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Andrew Morton | 274 | 21.99% | 28 | 24.56% |
| Mel Gorman | 203 | 16.29% | 18 | 15.79% |
| Huang Ying | 110 | 8.83% | 4 | 3.51% |
| Michal Hocko | 79 | 6.34% | 4 | 3.51% |
| Shaohua Li | 75 | 6.02% | 1 | 0.88% |
| MinChan Kim | 75 | 6.02% | 4 | 3.51% |
| Johannes Weiner | 56 | 4.49% | 9 | 7.89% |
| Christoph Lameter | 56 | 4.49% | 5 | 4.39% |
| Linus Torvalds | 50 | 4.01% | 8 | 7.02% |
| Hugh Dickins | 50 | 4.01% | 6 | 5.26% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 44 | 3.53% | 5 | 4.39% |
| Andy Whitcroft | 27 | 2.17% | 1 | 0.88% |
| Kirill A. Shutemov | 27 | 2.17% | 2 | 1.75% |
| Rik Van Riel | 22 | 1.77% | 3 | 2.63% |
| Linus Torvalds (pre-git) | 21 | 1.69% | 2 | 1.75% |
| Lee Schermerhorn | 20 | 1.61% | 2 | 1.75% |
| Roman Gushchin | 14 | 1.12% | 1 | 0.88% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 10 | 0.80% | 1 | 0.88% |
| Sasha Levin | 9 | 0.72% | 1 | 0.88% |
| Christoph Hellwig | 7 | 0.56% | 2 | 1.75% |
| Jamie Liu | 6 | 0.48% | 1 | 0.88% |
| Vladimir Davydov | 4 | 0.32% | 1 | 0.88% |
| Ingo Molnar | 3 | 0.24% | 1 | 0.88% |
| Tejun Heo | 2 | 0.16% | 2 | 1.75% |
| Balbir Singh | 1 | 0.08% | 1 | 0.88% |
| David Howells | 1 | 0.08% | 1 | 0.88% |
| Total | 1246 | 100.00% | 114 | 100.00% |
unsigned long reclaim_clean_pages_from_list(struct zone *zone,
struct list_head *page_list)
{
struct scan_control sc = {
.gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL,
.priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
.may_unmap = 1,
};
unsigned long ret;
struct page *page, *next;
LIST_HEAD(clean_pages);
list_for_each_entry_safe(page, next, page_list, lru) {
if (page_is_file_cache(page) && !PageDirty(page) &&
!__PageMovable(page)) {
ClearPageActive(page);
list_move(&page->lru, &clean_pages);
}
}
ret = shrink_page_list(&clean_pages, zone->zone_pgdat, &sc,
TTU_IGNORE_ACCESS, NULL, true);
list_splice(&clean_pages, page_list);
mod_node_page_state(zone->zone_pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_FILE, -ret);
return ret;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| MinChan Kim | 135 | 91.84% | 2 | 33.33% |
| Mel Gorman | 6 | 4.08% | 2 | 33.33% |
| Rafael Aquini | 5 | 3.40% | 1 | 16.67% |
| Michal Hocko | 1 | 0.68% | 1 | 16.67% |
| Total | 147 | 100.00% | 6 | 100.00% |
/*
* Attempt to remove the specified page from its LRU. Only take this page
* if it is of the appropriate PageActive status. Pages which are being
* freed elsewhere are also ignored.
*
* page: page to consider
* mode: one of the LRU isolation modes defined above
*
* returns 0 on success, -ve errno on failure.
*/
int __isolate_lru_page(struct page *page, isolate_mode_t mode)
{
int ret = -EINVAL;
/* Only take pages on the LRU. */
if (!PageLRU(page))
return ret;
/* Compaction should not handle unevictable pages but CMA can do so */
if (PageUnevictable(page) && !(mode & ISOLATE_UNEVICTABLE))
return ret;
ret = -EBUSY;
/*
* To minimise LRU disruption, the caller can indicate that it only
* wants to isolate pages it will be able to operate on without
* blocking - clean pages for the most part.
*
* ISOLATE_ASYNC_MIGRATE is used to indicate that it only wants to pages
* that it is possible to migrate without blocking
*/
if (mode & ISOLATE_ASYNC_MIGRATE) {
/* All the caller can do on PageWriteback is block */
if (PageWriteback(page))
return ret;
if (PageDirty(page)) {
struct address_space *mapping;
bool migrate_dirty;
/*
* Only pages without mappings or that have a
* ->migratepage callback are possible to migrate
* without blocking. However, we can be racing with
* truncation so it's necessary to lock the page
* to stabilise the mapping as truncation holds
* the page lock until after the page is removed
* from the page cache.
*/
if (!trylock_page(page))
return ret;
mapping = page_mapping(page);
migrate_dirty = mapping && mapping->a_ops->migratepage;
unlock_page(page);
if (!migrate_dirty)
return ret;
}
}
if ((mode & ISOLATE_UNMAPPED) && page_mapped(page))
return ret;
if (likely(get_page_unless_zero(page))) {
/*
* Be careful not to clear PageLRU until after we're
* sure the page is not being freed elsewhere -- the
* page release code relies on it.
*/
ClearPageLRU(page);
ret = 0;
}
return ret;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 63 | 36.21% | 2 | 22.22% |
| Andy Whitcroft | 60 | 34.48% | 1 | 11.11% |
| MinChan Kim | 40 | 22.99% | 4 | 44.44% |
| Lee Schermerhorn | 10 | 5.75% | 1 | 11.11% |
| Johannes Weiner | 1 | 0.57% | 1 | 11.11% |
| Total | 174 | 100.00% | 9 | 100.00% |
/*
* Update LRU sizes after isolating pages. The LRU size updates must
* be complete before mem_cgroup_update_lru_size due to a santity check.
*/
static __always_inline void update_lru_sizes(struct lruvec *lruvec,
enum lru_list lru, unsigned long *nr_zone_taken)
{
int zid;
for (zid = 0; zid < MAX_NR_ZONES; zid++) {
if (!nr_zone_taken[zid])
continue;
__update_lru_size(lruvec, lru, zid, -nr_zone_taken[zid]);
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
mem_cgroup_update_lru_size(lruvec, lru, zid, -nr_zone_taken[zid]);
#endif
}
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 76 | 91.57% | 1 | 50.00% |
| Michal Hocko | 7 | 8.43% | 1 | 50.00% |
| Total | 83 | 100.00% | 2 | 100.00% |
/*
* zone_lru_lock is heavily contended. Some of the functions that
* shrink the lists perform better by taking out a batch of pages
* and working on them outside the LRU lock.
*
* For pagecache intensive workloads, this function is the hottest
* spot in the kernel (apart from copy_*_user functions).
*
* Appropriate locks must be held before calling this function.
*
* @nr_to_scan: The number of eligible pages to look through on the list.
* @lruvec: The LRU vector to pull pages from.
* @dst: The temp list to put pages on to.
* @nr_scanned: The number of pages that were scanned.
* @sc: The scan_control struct for this reclaim session
* @mode: One of the LRU isolation modes
* @lru: LRU list id for isolating
*
* returns how many pages were moved onto *@dst.
*/
static unsigned long isolate_lru_pages(unsigned long nr_to_scan,
struct lruvec *lruvec, struct list_head *dst,
unsigned long *nr_scanned, struct scan_control *sc,
isolate_mode_t mode, enum lru_list lru)
{
struct list_head *src = &lruvec->lists[lru];
unsigned long nr_taken = 0;
unsigned long nr_zone_taken[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
unsigned long nr_skipped[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0, };
unsigned long skipped = 0;
unsigned long scan, total_scan, nr_pages;
LIST_HEAD(pages_skipped);
scan = 0;
for (total_scan = 0;
scan < nr_to_scan && nr_taken < nr_to_scan && !list_empty(src);
total_scan++) {
struct page *page;
page = lru_to_page(src);
prefetchw_prev_lru_page(page, src, flags);
VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLRU(page), page);
if (page_zonenum(page) > sc->reclaim_idx) {
list_move(&page->lru, &pages_skipped);
nr_skipped[page_zonenum(page)]++;
continue;
}
/*
* Do not count skipped pages because that makes the function
* return with no isolated pages if the LRU mostly contains
* ineligible pages. This causes the VM to not reclaim any
* pages, triggering a premature OOM.
*/
scan++;
switch (__isolate_lru_page(page, mode)) {
case 0:
nr_pages = hpage_nr_pages(page);
nr_taken += nr_pages;
nr_zone_taken[page_zonenum(page)] += nr_pages;
list_move(&page->lru, dst);
break;
case -EBUSY:
/* else it is being freed elsewhere */
list_move(&page->lru, src);
continue;
default:
BUG();
}
}
/*
* Splice any skipped pages to the start of the LRU list. Note that
* this disrupts the LRU order when reclaiming for lower zones but
* we cannot splice to the tail. If we did then the SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX
* scanning would soon rescan the same pages to skip and put the
* system at risk of premature OOM.
*/
if (!list_empty(&pages_skipped)) {
int zid;
list_splice(&pages_skipped, src);
for (zid = 0; zid < MAX_NR_ZONES; zid++) {
if (!nr_skipped[zid])
continue;
__count_zid_vm_events(PGSCAN_SKIP, zid, nr_skipped[zid]);
skipped += nr_skipped[zid];
}
}
*nr_scanned = total_scan;
trace_mm_vmscan_lru_isolate(sc->reclaim_idx, sc->order, nr_to_scan,
total_scan, skipped, nr_taken, mode, lru);
update_lru_sizes(lruvec, lru, nr_zone_taken);
return nr_taken;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 160 | 43.36% | 7 | 24.14% |
| Christoph Lameter | 62 | 16.80% | 1 | 3.45% |
| Andy Whitcroft | 42 | 11.38% | 1 | 3.45% |
| Hugh Dickins | 21 | 5.69% | 4 | 13.79% |
| MinChan Kim | 15 | 4.07% | 2 | 6.90% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 12 | 3.25% | 2 | 6.90% |
| Johannes Weiner | 11 | 2.98% | 2 | 6.90% |
| Andrew Morton | 10 | 2.71% | 1 | 3.45% |
| Michal Hocko | 9 | 2.44% | 1 | 3.45% |
| Fengguang Wu | 7 | 1.90% | 1 | 3.45% |
| Rik Van Riel | 7 | 1.90% | 2 | 6.90% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 5 | 1.36% | 2 | 6.90% |
| Vladimir Davydov | 4 | 1.08% | 1 | 3.45% |
| Sasha Levin | 3 | 0.81% | 1 | 3.45% |
| Tao Ma | 1 | 0.27% | 1 | 3.45% |
| Total | 369 | 100.00% | 29 | 100.00% |
/**
* isolate_lru_page - tries to isolate a page from its LRU list
* @page: page to isolate from its LRU list
*
* Isolates a @page from an LRU list, clears PageLRU and adjusts the
* vmstat statistic corresponding to whatever LRU list the page was on.
*
* Returns 0 if the page was removed from an LRU list.
* Returns -EBUSY if the page was not on an LRU list.
*
* The returned page will have PageLRU() cleared. If it was found on
* the active list, it will have PageActive set. If it was found on
* the unevictable list, it will have the PageUnevictable bit set. That flag
* may need to be cleared by the caller before letting the page go.
*
* The vmstat statistic corresponding to the list on which the page was
* found will be decremented.
*
* Restrictions:
*
* (1) Must be called with an elevated refcount on the page. This is a
* fundamentnal difference from isolate_lru_pages (which is called
* without a stable reference).
* (2) the lru_lock must not be held.
* (3) interrupts must be enabled.
*/
int isolate_lru_page(struct page *page)
{
int ret = -EBUSY;
VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!page_count(page), page);
WARN_RATELIMIT(PageTail(page), "trying to isolate tail page");
if (PageLRU(page)) {
struct zone *zone = page_zone(page);
struct lruvec *lruvec;
spin_lock_irq(zone_lru_lock(zone));
lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone->zone_pgdat);
if (PageLRU(page)) {
int lru = page_lru(page);
get_page(page);
ClearPageLRU(page);
del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
ret = 0;
}
spin_unlock_irq(zone_lru_lock(zone));
}
return ret;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Nicholas Piggin | 66 | 50.38% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Hugh Dickins | 20 | 15.27% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 13 | 9.92% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Kirill A. Shutemov | 10 | 7.63% | 2 | 20.00% |
| Mel Gorman | 8 | 6.11% | 2 | 20.00% |
| Rik Van Riel | 7 | 5.34% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Lee Schermerhorn | 4 | 3.05% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Sasha Levin | 3 | 2.29% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Total | 131 | 100.00% | 10 | 100.00% |
/*
* A direct reclaimer may isolate SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages from the LRU list and
* then get resheduled. When there are massive number of tasks doing page
* allocation, such sleeping direct reclaimers may keep piling up on each CPU,
* the LRU list will go small and be scanned faster than necessary, leading to
* unnecessary swapping, thrashing and OOM.
*/
static int too_many_isolated(struct pglist_data *pgdat, int file,
struct scan_control *sc)
{
unsigned long inactive, isolated;
if (current_is_kswapd())
return 0;
if (!sane_reclaim(sc))
return 0;
if (file) {
inactive = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
isolated = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_FILE);
} else {
inactive = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
isolated = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON);
}
/*
* GFP_NOIO/GFP_NOFS callers are allowed to isolate more pages, so they
* won't get blocked by normal direct-reclaimers, forming a circular
* deadlock.
*/
if ((sc->gfp_mask & (__GFP_IO | __GFP_FS)) == (__GFP_IO | __GFP_FS))
inactive >>= 3;
return isolated > inactive;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Rik Van Riel | 83 | 69.75% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Mel Gorman | 20 | 16.81% | 2 | 40.00% |
| Fengguang Wu | 15 | 12.61% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Tejun Heo | 1 | 0.84% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Total | 119 | 100.00% | 5 | 100.00% |
static noinline_for_stack void
putback_inactive_pages(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct list_head *page_list)
{
struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat;
struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
LIST_HEAD(pages_to_free);
/*
* Put back any unfreeable pages.
*/
while (!list_empty(page_list)) {
struct page *page = lru_to_page(page_list);
int lru;
VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page);
list_del(&page->lru);
if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page))) {
spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
putback_lru_page(page);
spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
continue;
}
lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, pgdat);
SetPageLRU(page);
lru = page_lru(page);
add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
if (is_active_lru(lru)) {
int file = is_file_lru(lru);
int numpages = hpage_nr_pages(page);
reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[file] += numpages;
}
if (put_page_testzero(page)) {
__ClearPageLRU(page);
__ClearPageActive(page);
del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
if (unlikely(PageCompound(page))) {
spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
mem_cgroup_uncharge(page);
(*get_compound_page_dtor(page))(page);
spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
} else
list_add(&page->lru, &pages_to_free);
}
}
/*
* To save our caller's stack, now use input list for pages to free.
*/
list_splice(&pages_to_free, page_list);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 151 | 54.71% | 3 | 25.00% |
| Hugh Dickins | 83 | 30.07% | 3 | 25.00% |
| Linus Torvalds | 12 | 4.35% | 1 | 8.33% |
| Rik Van Riel | 10 | 3.62% | 1 | 8.33% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 9 | 3.26% | 1 | 8.33% |
| Johannes Weiner | 8 | 2.90% | 2 | 16.67% |
| Sasha Levin | 3 | 1.09% | 1 | 8.33% |
| Total | 276 | 100.00% | 12 | 100.00% |
/*
* If a kernel thread (such as nfsd for loop-back mounts) services
* a backing device by writing to the page cache it sets PF_LESS_THROTTLE.
* In that case we should only throttle if the backing device it is
* writing to is congested. In other cases it is safe to throttle.
*/
static int current_may_throttle(void)
{
return !(current->flags & PF_LESS_THROTTLE) ||
current->backing_dev_info == NULL ||
bdi_write_congested(current->backing_dev_info);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Neil Brown | 31 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
| Total | 31 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
/*
* shrink_inactive_list() is a helper for shrink_node(). It returns the number
* of reclaimed pages
*/
static noinline_for_stack unsigned long
shrink_inactive_list(unsigned long nr_to_scan, struct lruvec *lruvec,
struct scan_control *sc, enum lru_list lru)
{
LIST_HEAD(page_list);
unsigned long nr_scanned;
unsigned long nr_reclaimed = 0;
unsigned long nr_taken;
struct reclaim_stat stat = {};
isolate_mode_t isolate_mode = 0;
int file = is_file_lru(lru);
struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat;
bool stalled = false;
while (unlikely(too_many_isolated(pgdat, file, sc))) {
if (stalled)
return 0;
/* wait a bit for the reclaimer. */
msleep(100);
stalled = true;
/* We are about to die and free our memory. Return now. */
if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
return SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX;
}
lru_add_drain();
if (!sc->may_unmap)
isolate_mode |= ISOLATE_UNMAPPED;
spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
nr_taken = isolate_lru_pages(nr_to_scan, lruvec, &page_list,
&nr_scanned, sc, isolate_mode, lru);
__mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, nr_taken);
reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[file] += nr_taken;
if (current_is_kswapd()) {
if (global_reclaim(sc))
__count_vm_events(PGSCAN_KSWAPD, nr_scanned);
count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGSCAN_KSWAPD,
nr_scanned);
} else {
if (global_reclaim(sc))
__count_vm_events(PGSCAN_DIRECT, nr_scanned);
count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGSCAN_DIRECT,
nr_scanned);
}
spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
if (nr_taken == 0)
return 0;
nr_reclaimed = shrink_page_list(&page_list, pgdat, sc, 0,
&stat, false);
spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
if (current_is_kswapd()) {
if (global_reclaim(sc))
__count_vm_events(PGSTEAL_KSWAPD, nr_reclaimed);
count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGSTEAL_KSWAPD,
nr_reclaimed);
} else {
if (global_reclaim(sc))
__count_vm_events(PGSTEAL_DIRECT, nr_reclaimed);
count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGSTEAL_DIRECT,
nr_reclaimed);
}
putback_inactive_pages(lruvec, &page_list);
__mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, -nr_taken);
spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
mem_cgroup_uncharge_list(&page_list);
free_unref_page_list(&page_list);
/*
* If reclaim is isolating dirty pages under writeback, it implies
* that the long-lived page allocation rate is exceeding the page
* laundering rate. Either the global limits are not being effective
* at throttling processes due to the page distribution throughout
* zones or there is heavy usage of a slow backing device. The
* only option is to throttle from reclaim context which is not ideal
* as there is no guarantee the dirtying process is throttled in the
* same way balance_dirty_pages() manages.
*
* Once a zone is flagged ZONE_WRITEBACK, kswapd will count the number
* of pages under pages flagged for immediate reclaim and stall if any
* are encountered in the nr_immediate check below.
*/
if (stat.nr_writeback && stat.nr_writeback == nr_taken)
set_bit(PGDAT_WRITEBACK, &pgdat->flags);
/*
* If dirty pages are scanned that are not queued for IO, it
* implies that flushers are not doing their job. This can
* happen when memory pressure pushes dirty pages to the end of
* the LRU before the dirty limits are breached and the dirty
* data has expired. It can also happen when the proportion of
* dirty pages grows not through writes but through memory
* pressure reclaiming all the clean cache. And in some cases,
* the flushers simply cannot keep up with the allocation
* rate. Nudge the flusher threads in case they are asleep.
*/
if (stat.nr_unqueued_dirty == nr_taken)
wakeup_flusher_threads(WB_REASON_VMSCAN);
/*
* Legacy memcg will stall in page writeback so avoid forcibly
* stalling here.
*/
if (sane_reclaim(sc)) {
/*
* Tag a zone as congested if all the dirty pages scanned were
* backed by a congested BDI and wait_iff_congested will stall.
*/
if (stat.nr_dirty && stat.nr_dirty == stat.nr_congested)
set_bit(PGDAT_CONGESTED, &pgdat->flags);
/* Allow kswapd to start writing pages during reclaim. */
if (stat.nr_unqueued_dirty == nr_taken)
set_bit(PGDAT_DIRTY, &pgdat->flags);
/*
* If kswapd scans pages marked marked for immediate
* reclaim and under writeback (nr_immediate), it implies
* that pages are cycling through the LRU faster than
* they are written so also forcibly stall.
*/
if (stat.nr_immediate && current_may_throttle())
congestion_wait(BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10);
}
/*
* Stall direct reclaim for IO completions if underlying BDIs or zone
* is congested. Allow kswapd to continue until it starts encountering
* unqueued dirty pages or cycling through the LRU too quickly.
*/
if (!sc->hibernation_mode && !current_is_kswapd() &&
current_may_throttle())
wait_iff_congested(pgdat, BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10);
trace_mm_vmscan_lru_shrink_inactive(pgdat->node_id,
nr_scanned, nr_reclaimed,
stat.nr_dirty, stat.nr_writeback,
stat.nr_congested, stat.nr_immediate,
stat.nr_activate, stat.nr_ref_keep,
stat.nr_unmap_fail,
sc->priority, file);
return nr_reclaimed;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 142 | 24.15% | 13 | 22.81% |
| Roman Gushchin | 76 | 12.93% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Michal Hocko | 66 | 11.22% | 3 | 5.26% |
| Johannes Weiner | 58 | 9.86% | 5 | 8.77% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 39 | 6.63% | 7 | 12.28% |
| Andrew Morton | 35 | 5.95% | 6 | 10.53% |
| Rik Van Riel | 30 | 5.10% | 2 | 3.51% |
| Hugh Dickins | 29 | 4.93% | 3 | 5.26% |
| Martin Hicks | 27 | 4.59% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Andrey Ryabinin | 15 | 2.55% | 1 | 1.75% |
| MinChan Kim | 15 | 2.55% | 3 | 5.26% |
| Hillf Danton | 14 | 2.38% | 2 | 3.51% |
| Ying Han | 11 | 1.87% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 10 | 1.70% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 7 | 1.19% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Neil Brown | 6 | 1.02% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Andy Whitcroft | 2 | 0.34% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Tejun Heo | 2 | 0.34% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Linus Torvalds | 1 | 0.17% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Shantanu Goel | 1 | 0.17% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Christoph Lameter | 1 | 0.17% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Shaohua Li | 1 | 0.17% | 1 | 1.75% |
| Total | 588 | 100.00% | 57 | 100.00% |
/*
* This moves pages from the active list to the inactive list.
*
* We move them the other way if the page is referenced by one or more
* processes, from rmap.
*
* If the pages are mostly unmapped, the processing is fast and it is
* appropriate to hold zone_lru_lock across the whole operation. But if
* the pages are mapped, the processing is slow (page_referenced()) so we
* should drop zone_lru_lock around each page. It's impossible to balance
* this, so instead we remove the pages from the LRU while processing them.
* It is safe to rely on PG_active against the non-LRU pages in here because
* nobody will play with that bit on a non-LRU page.
*
* The downside is that we have to touch page->_refcount against each page.
* But we had to alter page->flags anyway.
*
* Returns the number of pages moved to the given lru.
*/
static unsigned move_active_pages_to_lru(struct lruvec *lruvec,
struct list_head *list,
struct list_head *pages_to_free,
enum lru_list lru)
{
struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
struct page *page;
int nr_pages;
int nr_moved = 0;
while (!list_empty(list)) {
page = lru_to_page(list);
lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, pgdat);
VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page);
SetPageLRU(page);
nr_pages = hpage_nr_pages(page);
update_lru_size(lruvec, lru, page_zonenum(page), nr_pages);
list_move(&page->lru, &lruvec->lists[lru]);
if (put_page_testzero(page)) {
__ClearPageLRU(page);
__ClearPageActive(page);
del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
if (unlikely(PageCompound(page))) {
spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
mem_cgroup_uncharge(page);
(*get_compound_page_dtor(page))(page);
spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
} else
list_add(&page->lru, pages_to_free);
} else {
nr_moved += nr_pages;
}
}
if (!is_active_lru(lru)) {
__count_vm_events(PGDEACTIVATE, nr_moved);
count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGDEACTIVATE,
nr_moved);
}
return nr_moved;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Fengguang Wu | 103 | 41.53% | 1 | 8.33% |
| Hugh Dickins | 79 | 31.85% | 3 | 25.00% |
| Mel Gorman | 17 | 6.85% | 1 | 8.33% |
| Michal Hocko | 17 | 6.85% | 2 | 16.67% |
| Johannes Weiner | 15 | 6.05% | 3 | 25.00% |
| Roman Gushchin | 14 | 5.65% | 1 | 8.33% |
| Sasha Levin | 3 | 1.21% | 1 | 8.33% |
| Total | 248 | 100.00% | 12 | 100.00% |
static void shrink_active_list(unsigned long nr_to_scan,
struct lruvec *lruvec,
struct scan_control *sc,
enum lru_list lru)
{
unsigned long nr_taken;
unsigned long nr_scanned;
unsigned long vm_flags;
LIST_HEAD(l_hold); /* The pages which were snipped off */
LIST_HEAD(l_active);
LIST_HEAD(l_inactive);
struct page *page;
struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat;
unsigned nr_deactivate, nr_activate;
unsigned nr_rotated = 0;
isolate_mode_t isolate_mode = 0;
int file = is_file_lru(lru);
struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
lru_add_drain();
if (!sc->may_unmap)
isolate_mode |= ISOLATE_UNMAPPED;
spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
nr_taken = isolate_lru_pages(nr_to_scan, lruvec, &l_hold,
&nr_scanned, sc, isolate_mode, lru);
__mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, nr_taken);
reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[file] += nr_taken;
__count_vm_events(PGREFILL, nr_scanned);
count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGREFILL, nr_scanned);
spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
while (!list_empty(&l_hold)) {
cond_resched();
page = lru_to_page(&l_hold);
list_del(&page->lru);
if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page))) {
putback_lru_page(page);
continue;
}
if (unlikely(buffer_heads_over_limit)) {
if (page_has_private(page) && trylock_page(page)) {
if (page_has_private(page))
try_to_release_page(page, 0);
unlock_page(page);
}
}
if (page_referenced(page, 0, sc->target_mem_cgroup,
&vm_flags)) {
nr_rotated += hpage_nr_pages(page);
/*
* Identify referenced, file-backed active pages and
* give them one more trip around the active list. So
* that executable code get better chances to stay in
* memory under moderate memory pressure. Anon pages
* are not likely to be evicted by use-once streaming
* IO, plus JVM can create lots of anon VM_EXEC pages,
* so we ignore them here.
*/
if ((vm_flags & VM_EXEC) && page_is_file_cache(page)) {
list_add(&page->lru, &l_active);
continue;
}
}
ClearPageActive(page); /* we are de-activating */
list_add(&page->lru, &l_inactive);
}
/*
* Move pages back to the lru list.
*/
spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
/*
* Count referenced pages from currently used mappings as rotated,
* even though only some of them are actually re-activated. This
* helps balance scan pressure between file and anonymous pages in
* get_scan_count.
*/
reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[file] += nr_rotated;
nr_activate = move_active_pages_to_lru(lruvec, &l_active, &l_hold, lru);
nr_deactivate = move_active_pages_to_lru(lruvec, &l_inactive, &l_hold, lru - LRU_ACTIVE);
__mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, -nr_taken);
spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
mem_cgroup_uncharge_list(&l_hold);
free_unref_page_list(&l_hold);
trace_mm_vmscan_lru_shrink_active(pgdat->node_id, nr_taken, nr_activate,
nr_deactivate, nr_rotated, sc->priority, file);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 71 | 15.60% | 4 | 8.51% |
| Fengguang Wu | 55 | 12.09% | 4 | 8.51% |
| Andrew Morton | 49 | 10.77% | 5 | 10.64% |
| Kamezawa Hiroyuki | 39 | 8.57% | 1 | 2.13% |
| Rik Van Riel | 38 | 8.35% | 4 | 8.51% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 37 | 8.13% | 4 | 8.51% |
| Michal Hocko | 30 | 6.59% | 1 | 2.13% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 28 | 6.15% | 4 | 8.51% |
| Johannes Weiner | 27 | 5.93% | 6 | 12.77% |
| Hugh Dickins | 24 | 5.27% | 4 | 8.51% |
| Lee Schermerhorn | 19 | 4.18% | 1 | 2.13% |
| MinChan Kim | 13 | 2.86% | 1 | 2.13% |
| Roman Gushchin | 12 | 2.64% | 1 | 2.13% |
| Christoph Lameter | 4 | 0.88% | 2 | 4.26% |
| Ingo Molnar | 3 | 0.66% | 1 | 2.13% |
| Hillf Danton | 3 | 0.66% | 1 | 2.13% |
| Linus Torvalds | 1 | 0.22% | 1 | 2.13% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 1 | 0.22% | 1 | 2.13% |
| Jerome Marchand | 1 | 0.22% | 1 | 2.13% |
| Total | 455 | 100.00% | 47 | 100.00% |
/*
* The inactive anon list should be small enough that the VM never has
* to do too much work.
*
* The inactive file list should be small enough to leave most memory
* to the established workingset on the scan-resistant active list,
* but large enough to avoid thrashing the aggregate readahead window.
*
* Both inactive lists should also be large enough that each inactive
* page has a chance to be referenced again before it is reclaimed.
*
* If that fails and refaulting is observed, the inactive list grows.
*
* The inactive_ratio is the target ratio of ACTIVE to INACTIVE pages
* on this LRU, maintained by the pageout code. An inactive_ratio
* of 3 means 3:1 or 25% of the pages are kept on the inactive list.
*
* total target max
* memory ratio inactive
* -------------------------------------
* 10MB 1 5MB
* 100MB 1 50MB
* 1GB 3 250MB
* 10GB 10 0.9GB
* 100GB 31 3GB
* 1TB 101 10GB
* 10TB 320 32GB
*/
static bool inactive_list_is_low(struct lruvec *lruvec, bool file,
struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
struct scan_control *sc, bool actual_reclaim)
{
enum lru_list active_lru = file * LRU_FILE + LRU_ACTIVE;
struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
enum lru_list inactive_lru = file * LRU_FILE;
unsigned long inactive, active;
unsigned long inactive_ratio;
unsigned long refaults;
unsigned long gb;
/*
* If we don't have swap space, anonymous page deactivation
* is pointless.
*/
if (!file && !total_swap_pages)
return false;
inactive = lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, inactive_lru, sc->reclaim_idx);
active = lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, active_lru, sc->reclaim_idx);
if (memcg)
refaults = memcg_page_state(memcg, WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE);
else
refaults = node_page_state(pgdat, WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE);
/*
* When refaults are being observed, it means a new workingset
* is being established. Disable active list protection to get
* rid of the stale workingset quickly.
*/
if (file && actual_reclaim && lruvec->refaults != refaults) {
inactive_ratio = 0;
} else {
gb = (inactive + active) >> (30 - PAGE_SHIFT);
if (gb)
inactive_ratio = int_sqrt(10 * gb);
else
inactive_ratio = 1;
}
if (actual_reclaim)
trace_mm_vmscan_inactive_list_is_low(pgdat->node_id, sc->reclaim_idx,
lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, inactive_lru, MAX_NR_ZONES), inactive,
lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, active_lru, MAX_NR_ZONES), active,
inactive_ratio, file);
return inactive * inactive_ratio < active;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Johannes Weiner | 84 | 35.59% | 5 | 33.33% |
| Michal Hocko | 64 | 27.12% | 3 | 20.00% |
| Rik Van Riel | 54 | 22.88% | 3 | 20.00% |
| Mel Gorman | 18 | 7.63% | 1 | 6.67% |
| MinChan Kim | 8 | 3.39% | 1 | 6.67% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 6 | 2.54% | 1 | 6.67% |
| Yaowei Bai | 2 | 0.85% | 1 | 6.67% |
| Total | 236 | 100.00% | 15 | 100.00% |
static unsigned long shrink_list(enum lru_list lru, unsigned long nr_to_scan,
struct lruvec *lruvec, struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
struct scan_control *sc)
{
if (is_active_lru(lru)) {
if (inactive_list_is_low(lruvec, is_file_lru(lru),
memcg, sc, true))
shrink_active_list(nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc, lru);
return 0;
}
return shrink_inactive_list(nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc, lru);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Rik Van Riel | 50 | 60.24% | 5 | 38.46% |
| Christoph Lameter | 14 | 16.87% | 1 | 7.69% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 7 | 8.43% | 3 | 23.08% |
| Johannes Weiner | 7 | 8.43% | 1 | 7.69% |
| Mel Gorman | 2 | 2.41% | 1 | 7.69% |
| Michal Hocko | 2 | 2.41% | 1 | 7.69% |
| Hugh Dickins | 1 | 1.20% | 1 | 7.69% |
| Total | 83 | 100.00% | 13 | 100.00% |
enum scan_balance {
SCAN_EQUAL,
SCAN_FRACT,
SCAN_ANON,
SCAN_FILE,
};
/*
* Determine how aggressively the anon and file LRU lists should be
* scanned. The relative value of each set of LRU lists is determined
* by looking at the fraction of the pages scanned we did rotate back
* onto the active list instead of evict.
*
* nr[0] = anon inactive pages to scan; nr[1] = anon active pages to scan
* nr[2] = file inactive pages to scan; nr[3] = file active pages to scan
*/
static void get_scan_count(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
struct scan_control *sc, unsigned long *nr,
unsigned long *lru_pages)
{
int swappiness = mem_cgroup_swappiness(memcg);
struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat;
u64 fraction[2];
u64 denominator = 0; /* gcc */
struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
unsigned long anon_prio, file_prio;
enum scan_balance scan_balance;
unsigned long anon, file;
unsigned long ap, fp;
enum lru_list lru;
/* If we have no swap space, do not bother scanning anon pages. */
if (!sc->may_swap || mem_cgroup_get_nr_swap_pages(memcg) <= 0) {
scan_balance = SCAN_FILE;
goto out;
}
/*
* Global reclaim will swap to prevent OOM even with no
* swappiness, but memcg users want to use this knob to
* disable swapping for individual groups completely when
* using the memory controller's swap limit feature would be
* too expensive.
*/
if (!global_reclaim(sc) && !swappiness) {
scan_balance = SCAN_FILE;
goto out;
}
/*
* Do not apply any pressure balancing cleverness when the
* system is close to OOM, scan both anon and file equally
* (unless the swappiness setting disagrees with swapping).
*/
if (!sc->priority && swappiness) {
scan_balance = SCAN_EQUAL;
goto out;
}
/*
* Prevent the reclaimer from falling into the cache trap: as
* cache pages start out inactive, every cache fault will tip
* the scan balance towards the file LRU. And as the file LRU
* shrinks, so does the window for rotation from references.
* This means we have a runaway feedback loop where a tiny
* thrashing file LRU becomes infinitely more attractive than
* anon pages. Try to detect this based on file LRU size.
*/
if (global_reclaim(sc)) {
unsigned long pgdatfile;
unsigned long pgdatfree;
int z;
unsigned long total_high_wmark = 0;
pgdatfree = sum_zone_node_page_state(pgdat->node_id, NR_FREE_PAGES);
pgdatfile = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ACTIVE_FILE) +
node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
for (z = 0; z < MAX_NR_ZONES; z++) {
struct zone *zone = &pgdat->node_zones[z];
if (!managed_zone(zone))
continue;
total_high_wmark += high_wmark_pages(zone);
}
if (unlikely(pgdatfile + pgdatfree <= total_high_wmark)) {
/*
* Force SCAN_ANON if there are enough inactive
* anonymous pages on the LRU in eligible zones.
* Otherwise, the small LRU gets thrashed.
*/
if (!inactive_list_is_low(lruvec, false, memcg, sc, false) &&
lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_ANON, sc->reclaim_idx)
>> sc->priority) {
scan_balance = SCAN_ANON;
goto out;
}
}
}
/*
* If there is enough inactive page cache, i.e. if the size of the
* inactive list is greater than that of the active list *and* the
* inactive list actually has some pages to scan on this priority, we
* do not reclaim anything from the anonymous working set right now.
* Without the second condition we could end up never scanning an
* lruvec even if it has plenty of old anonymous pages unless the
* system is under heavy pressure.
*/
if (!inactive_list_is_low(lruvec, true, memcg, sc, false) &&
lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_FILE, sc->reclaim_idx) >> sc->priority) {
scan_balance = SCAN_FILE;
goto out;
}
scan_balance = SCAN_FRACT;
/*
* With swappiness at 100, anonymous and file have the same priority.
* This scanning priority is essentially the inverse of IO cost.
*/
anon_prio = swappiness;
file_prio = 200 - anon_prio;
/*
* OK, so we have swap space and a fair amount of page cache
* pages. We use the recently rotated / recently scanned
* ratios to determine how valuable each cache is.
*
* Because workloads change over time (and to avoid overflow)
* we keep these statistics as a floating average, which ends
* up weighing recent references more than old ones.
*
* anon in [0], file in [1]
*/
anon = lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON, MAX_NR_ZONES) +
lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_ANON, MAX_NR_ZONES);
file = lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_ACTIVE_FILE, MAX_NR_ZONES) +
lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_FILE, MAX_NR_ZONES);
spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
if (unlikely(reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] > anon / 4)) {
reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] /= 2;
reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[0] /= 2;
}
if (unlikely(reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] > file / 4)) {
reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] /= 2;
reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[1] /= 2;
}
/*
* The amount of pressure on anon vs file pages is inversely
* proportional to the fraction of recently scanned pages on
* each list that were recently referenced and in active use.
*/
ap = anon_prio * (reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] + 1);
ap /= reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[0] + 1;
fp = file_prio * (reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] + 1);
fp /= reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[1] + 1;
spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
fraction[0] = ap;
fraction[1] = fp;
denominator = ap + fp + 1;
out:
*lru_pages = 0;
for_each_evictable_lru(lru) {
int file = is_file_lru(lru);
unsigned long size;
unsigned long scan;
size = lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, lru, sc->reclaim_idx);
scan = size >> sc->priority;
/*
* If the cgroup's already been deleted, make sure to
* scrape out the remaining cache.
*/
if (!scan && !mem_cgroup_online(memcg))
scan = min(size, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX);
switch (scan_balance) {
case SCAN_EQUAL:
/* Scan lists relative to size */
break;
case SCAN_FRACT:
/*
* Scan types proportional to swappiness and
* their relative recent reclaim efficiency.
*/
scan = div64_u64(scan * fraction[file],
denominator);
break;
case SCAN_FILE:
case SCAN_ANON:
/* Scan one type exclusively */
if ((scan_balance == SCAN_FILE) != file) {
size = 0;
scan = 0;
}
break;
default:
/* Look ma, no brain */
BUG();
}
*lru_pages += size;
nr[lru] = scan;
}
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Johannes Weiner | 212 | 29.49% | 11 | 28.95% |
| Rik Van Riel | 157 | 21.84% | 4 | 10.53% |
| Mel Gorman | 80 | 11.13% | 3 | 7.89% |
| David Shaohua Li | 54 | 7.51% | 1 | 2.63% |
| Jerome Marchand | 45 | 6.26% | 1 | 2.63% |
| David Rientjes | 34 | 4.73% | 1 | 2.63% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 33 | 4.59% | 2 | 5.26% |
| Vladimir Davydov | 27 | 3.76% | 3 | 7.89% |
| Michal Hocko | 21 | 2.92% | 4 | 10.53% |
| Kamezawa Hiroyuki | 21 | 2.92% | 1 | 2.63% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 16 | 2.23% | 3 | 7.89% |
| Fengguang Wu | 12 | 1.67% | 1 | 2.63% |
| Hugh Dickins | 5 | 0.70% | 2 | 5.26% |
| Christoph Lameter | 2 | 0.28% | 1 | 2.63% |
| Total | 719 | 100.00% | 38 | 100.00% |
/*
* This is a basic per-node page freer. Used by both kswapd and direct reclaim.
*/
static void shrink_node_memcg(struct pglist_data *pgdat, struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
struct scan_control *sc, unsigned long *lru_pages)
{
struct lruvec *lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(pgdat, memcg);
unsigned long nr[NR_LRU_LISTS];
unsigned long targets[NR_LRU_LISTS];
unsigned long nr_to_scan;
enum lru_list lru;
unsigned long nr_reclaimed = 0;
unsigned long nr_to_reclaim = sc->nr_to_reclaim;
struct blk_plug plug;
bool scan_adjusted;
get_scan_count(lruvec, memcg, sc, nr, lru_pages);
/* Record the original scan target for proportional adjustments later */
memcpy(targets, nr, sizeof(nr));
/*
* Global reclaiming within direct reclaim at DEF_PRIORITY is a normal
* event that can occur when there is little memory pressure e.g.
* multiple streaming readers/writers. Hence, we do not abort scanning
* when the requested number of pages are reclaimed when scanning at
* DEF_PRIORITY on the assumption that the fact we are direct
* reclaiming implies that kswapd is not keeping up and it is best to
* do a batch of work at once. For memcg reclaim one check is made to
* abort proportional reclaim if either the file or anon lru has already
* dropped to zero at the first pass.
*/
scan_adjusted = (global_reclaim(sc) && !current_is_kswapd() &&
sc->priority == DEF_PRIORITY);
blk_start_plug(&plug);
while (nr[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] || nr[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE] ||
nr[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE]) {
unsigned long nr_anon, nr_file, percentage;
unsigned long nr_scanned;
for_each_evictable_lru(lru) {
if (nr[lru]) {
nr_to_scan = min(nr[lru], SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX);
nr[lru] -= nr_to_scan;
nr_reclaimed += shrink_list(lru, nr_to_scan,
lruvec, memcg, sc);
}
}
cond_resched();
if (nr_reclaimed < nr_to_reclaim || scan_adjusted)
continue;
/*
* For kswapd and memcg, reclaim at least the number of pages
* requested. Ensure that the anon and file LRUs are scanned
* proportionally what was requested by get_scan_count(). We
* stop reclaiming one LRU and reduce the amount scanning
* proportional to the original scan target.
*/
nr_file = nr[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE] + nr[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE];
nr_anon = nr[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] + nr[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON];
/*
* It's just vindictive to attack the larger once the smaller
* has gone to zero. And given the way we stop scanning the
* smaller below, this makes sure that we only make one nudge
* towards proportionality once we've got nr_to_reclaim.
*/
if (!nr_file || !nr_anon)
break;
if (nr_file > nr_anon) {
unsigned long scan_target = targets[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] +
targets[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON] + 1;
lru = LRU_BASE;
percentage = nr_anon * 100 / scan_target;
} else {
unsigned long scan_target = targets[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE] +
targets[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE] + 1;
lru = LRU_FILE;
percentage = nr_file * 100 / scan_target;
}
/* Stop scanning the smaller of the LRU */
nr[lru] = 0;
nr[lru + LRU_ACTIVE] = 0;
/*
* Recalculate the other LRU scan count based on its original
* scan target and the percentage scanning already complete
*/
lru = (lru == LRU_FILE) ? LRU_BASE : LRU_FILE;
nr_scanned = targets[lru] - nr[lru];
nr[lru] = targets[lru] * (100 - percentage) / 100;
nr[lru] -= min(nr[lru], nr_scanned);
lru += LRU_ACTIVE;
nr_scanned = targets[lru] - nr[lru];
nr[lru] = targets[lru] * (100 - percentage) / 100;
nr[lru] -= min(nr[lru], nr_scanned);
scan_adjusted = true;
}
blk_finish_plug(&plug);
sc->nr_reclaimed += nr_reclaimed;
/*
* Even if we did not try to evict anon pages at all, we want to
* rebalance the anon lru active/inactive ratio.
*/
if (inactive_list_is_low(lruvec, false, memcg, sc, true))
shrink_active_list(SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, lruvec,
sc, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 298 | 60.32% | 4 | 33.33% |
| Johannes Weiner | 174 | 35.22% | 4 | 33.33% |
| Vladimir Davydov | 14 | 2.83% | 1 | 8.33% |
| Michal Hocko | 5 | 1.01% | 2 | 16.67% |
| Rik Van Riel | 3 | 0.61% | 1 | 8.33% |
| Total | 494 | 100.00% | 12 | 100.00% |
/* Use reclaim/compaction for costly allocs or under memory pressure */
static bool in_reclaim_compaction(struct scan_control *sc)
{
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_COMPACTION) && sc->order &&
(sc->order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER ||
sc->priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2))
return true;
return false;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 38 | 86.36% | 1 | 33.33% |
| Kirill A. Shutemov | 4 | 9.09% | 1 | 33.33% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 2 | 4.55% | 1 | 33.33% |
| Total | 44 | 100.00% | 3 | 100.00% |
/*
* Reclaim/compaction is used for high-order allocation requests. It reclaims
* order-0 pages before compacting the zone. should_continue_reclaim() returns
* true if more pages should be reclaimed such that when the page allocator
* calls try_to_compact_zone() that it will have enough free pages to succeed.
* It will give up earlier than that if there is difficulty reclaiming pages.
*/
static inline bool should_continue_reclaim(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
unsigned long nr_reclaimed,
unsigned long nr_scanned,
struct scan_control *sc)
{
unsigned long pages_for_compaction;
unsigned long inactive_lru_pages;
int z;
/* If not in reclaim/compaction mode, stop */
if (!in_reclaim_compaction(sc))
return false;
/* Consider stopping depending on scan and reclaim activity */
if (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL) {
/*
* For __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL allocations, stop reclaiming if the
* full LRU list has been scanned and we are still failing
* to reclaim pages. This full LRU scan is potentially
* expensive but a __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL caller really wants to succeed
*/
if (!nr_reclaimed && !nr_scanned)
return false;
} else {
/*
* For non-__GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL allocations which can presumably
* fail without consequence, stop if we failed to reclaim
* any pages from the last SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX number of
* pages that were scanned. This will return to the
* caller faster at the risk reclaim/compaction and
* the resulting allocation attempt fails
*/
if (!nr_reclaimed)
return false;
}
/*
* If we have not reclaimed enough pages for compaction and the
* inactive lists are large enough, continue reclaiming
*/
pages_for_compaction = compact_gap(sc->order);
inactive_lru_pages = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
if (get_nr_swap_pages() > 0)
inactive_lru_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
if (sc->nr_reclaimed < pages_for_compaction &&
inactive_lru_pages > pages_for_compaction)
return true;
/* If compaction would go ahead or the allocation would succeed, stop */
for (z = 0; z <= sc->reclaim_idx; z++) {
struct zone *zone = &pgdat->node_zones[z];
if (!managed_zone(zone))
continue;
switch (compaction_suitable(zone, sc->order, 0, sc->reclaim_idx)) {
case COMPACT_SUCCESS:
case COMPACT_CONTINUE:
return false;
default:
/* check next zone */
;
}
}
return true;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 184 | 88.89% | 6 | 46.15% |
| MinChan Kim | 8 | 3.86% | 1 | 7.69% |
| Vlastimil Babka | 7 | 3.38% | 3 | 23.08% |
| Johannes Weiner | 3 | 1.45% | 1 | 7.69% |
| Michal Hocko | 3 | 1.45% | 1 | 7.69% |
| Shaohua Li | 2 | 0.97% | 1 | 7.69% |
| Total | 207 | 100.00% | 13 | 100.00% |
static bool shrink_node(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state = current->reclaim_state;
unsigned long nr_reclaimed, nr_scanned;
bool reclaimable = false;
do {
struct mem_cgroup *root = sc->target_mem_cgroup;
struct mem_cgroup_reclaim_cookie reclaim = {
.pgdat = pgdat,
.priority = sc->priority,
};
unsigned long node_lru_pages = 0;
struct mem_cgroup *memcg;
nr_reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed;
nr_scanned = sc->nr_scanned;
memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(root, NULL, &reclaim);
do {
unsigned long lru_pages;
unsigned long reclaimed;
unsigned long scanned;
if (mem_cgroup_low(root, memcg)) {
if (!sc->memcg_low_reclaim) {
sc->memcg_low_skipped = 1;
continue;
}
mem_cgroup_event(memcg, MEMCG_LOW);
}
reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed;
scanned = sc->nr_scanned;
shrink_node_memcg(pgdat, memcg, sc, &lru_pages);
node_lru_pages += lru_pages;
if (memcg)
shrink_slab(sc->gfp_mask, pgdat->node_id,
memcg, sc->priority);
/* Record the group's reclaim efficiency */
vmpressure(sc->gfp_mask, memcg, false,
sc->nr_scanned - scanned,
sc->nr_reclaimed - reclaimed);
/*
* Direct reclaim and kswapd have to scan all memory
* cgroups to fulfill the overall scan target for the
* node.
*
* Limit reclaim, on the other hand, only cares about
* nr_to_reclaim pages to be reclaimed and it will
* retry with decreasing priority if one round over the
* whole hierarchy is not sufficient.
*/
if (!global_reclaim(sc) &&
sc->nr_reclaimed >= sc->nr_to_reclaim) {
mem_cgroup_iter_break(root, memcg);
break;
}
} while ((memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(root, memcg, &reclaim)));
if (global_reclaim(sc))
shrink_slab(sc->gfp_mask, pgdat->node_id, NULL,
sc->priority);
if (reclaim_state) {
sc->nr_reclaimed += reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab;
reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab = 0;
}
/* Record the subtree's reclaim efficiency */
vmpressure(sc->gfp_mask, sc->target_mem_cgroup, true,
sc->nr_scanned - nr_scanned,
sc->nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed);
if (sc->nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed)
reclaimable = true;
} while (should_continue_reclaim(pgdat, sc->nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed,
sc->nr_scanned - nr_scanned, sc));
/*
* Kswapd gives up on balancing particular nodes after too
* many failures to reclaim anything from them and goes to
* sleep. On reclaim progress, reset the failure counter. A
* successful direct reclaim run will revive a dormant kswapd.
*/
if (reclaimable)
pgdat->kswapd_failures = 0;
return reclaimable;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Johannes Weiner | 252 | 65.62% | 11 | 35.48% |
| Vladimir Davydov | 40 | 10.42% | 3 | 9.68% |
| Anton Vorontsov | 23 | 5.99% | 1 | 3.23% |
| Andrew Morton | 21 | 5.47% | 3 | 9.68% |
| Mel Gorman | 18 | 4.69% | 4 | 12.90% |
| Yisheng Xie | 9 | 2.34% | 1 | 3.23% |
| Michal Hocko | 8 | 2.08% | 1 | 3.23% |
| Linus Torvalds | 5 | 1.30% | 3 | 9.68% |
| Linus Torvalds (pre-git) | 3 | 0.78% | 1 | 3.23% |
| Josef Bacik | 2 | 0.52% | 1 | 3.23% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 2 | 0.52% | 1 | 3.23% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 1 | 0.26% | 1 | 3.23% |
| Total | 384 | 100.00% | 31 | 100.00% |
/*
* Returns true if compaction should go ahead for a costly-order request, or
* the allocation would already succeed without compaction. Return false if we
* should reclaim first.
*/
static inline bool compaction_ready(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc)
{
unsigned long watermark;
enum compact_result suitable;
suitable = compaction_suitable(zone, sc->order, 0, sc->reclaim_idx);
if (suitable == COMPACT_SUCCESS)
/* Allocation should succeed already. Don't reclaim. */
return true;
if (suitable == COMPACT_SKIPPED)
/* Compaction cannot yet proceed. Do reclaim. */
return false;
/*
* Compaction is already possible, but it takes time to run and there
* are potentially other callers using the pages just freed. So proceed
* with reclaim to make a buffer of free pages available to give
* compaction a reasonable chance of completing and allocating the page.
* Note that we won't actually reclaim the whole buffer in one attempt
* as the target watermark in should_continue_reclaim() is lower. But if
* we are already above the high+gap watermark, don't reclaim at all.
*/
watermark = high_wmark_pages(zone) + compact_gap(sc->order);
return zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, 0, watermark, sc->reclaim_idx);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 53 | 58.24% | 2 | 50.00% |
| Vlastimil Babka | 38 | 41.76% | 2 | 50.00% |
| Total | 91 | 100.00% | 4 | 100.00% |
/*
* This is the direct reclaim path, for page-allocating processes. We only
* try to reclaim pages from zones which will satisfy the caller's allocation
* request.
*
* If a zone is deemed to be full of pinned pages then just give it a light
* scan then give up on it.
*/
static void shrink_zones(struct zonelist *zonelist, struct scan_control *sc)
{
struct zoneref *z;
struct zone *zone;
unsigned long nr_soft_reclaimed;
unsigned long nr_soft_scanned;
gfp_t orig_mask;
pg_data_t *last_pgdat = NULL;
/*
* If the number of buffer_heads in the machine exceeds the maximum
* allowed level, force direct reclaim to scan the highmem zone as
* highmem pages could be pinning lowmem pages storing buffer_heads
*/
orig_mask = sc->gfp_mask;
if (buffer_heads_over_limit) {
sc->gfp_mask |= __GFP_HIGHMEM;
sc->reclaim_idx = gfp_zone(sc->gfp_mask);
}
for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist,
sc->reclaim_idx, sc->nodemask) {
/*
* Take care memory controller reclaiming has small influence
* to global LRU.
*/
if (global_reclaim(sc)) {
if (!cpuset_zone_allowed(zone,
GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_HARDWALL))
continue;
/*
* If we already have plenty of memory free for
* compaction in this zone, don't free any more.
* Even though compaction is invoked for any
* non-zero order, only frequent costly order
* reclamation is disruptive enough to become a
* noticeable problem, like transparent huge
* page allocations.
*/
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_COMPACTION) &&
sc->order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER &&
compaction_ready(zone, sc)) {
sc->compaction_ready = true;
continue;
}
/*
* Shrink each node in the zonelist once. If the
* zonelist is ordered by zone (not the default) then a
* node may be shrunk multiple times but in that case
* the user prefers lower zones being preserved.
*/
if (zone->zone_pgdat == last_pgdat)
continue;
/*
* This steals pages from memory cgroups over softlimit
* and returns the number of reclaimed pages and
* scanned pages. This works for global memory pressure
* and balancing, not for a memcg's limit.
*/
nr_soft_scanned = 0;
nr_soft_reclaimed = mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim(zone->zone_pgdat,
sc->order, sc->gfp_mask,
&nr_soft_scanned);
sc->nr_reclaimed += nr_soft_reclaimed;
sc->nr_scanned += nr_soft_scanned;
/* need some check for avoid more shrink_zone() */
}
/* See comment about same check for global reclaim above */
if (zone->zone_pgdat == last_pgdat)
continue;
last_pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
shrink_node(zone->zone_pgdat, sc);
}
/*
* Restore to original mask to avoid the impact on the caller if we
* promoted it to __GFP_HIGHMEM.
*/
sc->gfp_mask = orig_mask;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 86 | 39.09% | 9 | 30.00% |
| Andrew Morton | 64 | 29.09% | 7 | 23.33% |
| Weijie Yang | 16 | 7.27% | 1 | 3.33% |
| Kamezawa Hiroyuki | 13 | 5.91% | 3 | 10.00% |
| Johannes Weiner | 12 | 5.45% | 2 | 6.67% |
| Paul Jackson | 10 | 4.55% | 3 | 10.00% |
| Rik Van Riel | 10 | 4.55% | 1 | 3.33% |
| Kirill A. Shutemov | 4 | 1.82% | 1 | 3.33% |
| Vladimir Davydov | 3 | 1.36% | 1 | 3.33% |
| MinChan Kim | 1 | 0.45% | 1 | 3.33% |
| Michal Hocko | 1 | 0.45% | 1 | 3.33% |
| Total | 220 | 100.00% | 30 | 100.00% |
static void snapshot_refaults(struct mem_cgroup *root_memcg, pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
struct mem_cgroup *memcg;
memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(root_memcg, NULL, NULL);
do {
unsigned long refaults;
struct lruvec *lruvec;
if (memcg)
refaults = memcg_page_state(memcg, WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE);
else
refaults = node_page_state(pgdat, WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE);
lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(pgdat, memcg);
lruvec->refaults = refaults;
} while ((memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(root_memcg, memcg, NULL)));
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Johannes Weiner | 97 | 100.00% | 3 | 100.00% |
| Total | 97 | 100.00% | 3 | 100.00% |
/*
* This is the main entry point to direct page reclaim.
*
* If a full scan of the inactive list fails to free enough memory then we
* are "out of memory" and something needs to be killed.
*
* If the caller is !__GFP_FS then the probability of a failure is reasonably
* high - the zone may be full of dirty or under-writeback pages, which this
* caller can't do much about. We kick the writeback threads and take explicit
* naps in the hope that some of these pages can be written. But if the
* allocating task holds filesystem locks which prevent writeout this might not
* work, and the allocation attempt will fail.
*
* returns: 0, if no pages reclaimed
* else, the number of pages reclaimed
*/
static unsigned long do_try_to_free_pages(struct zonelist *zonelist,
struct scan_control *sc)
{
int initial_priority = sc->priority;
pg_data_t *last_pgdat;
struct zoneref *z;
struct zone *zone;
retry:
delayacct_freepages_start();
if (global_reclaim(sc))
__count_zid_vm_events(ALLOCSTALL, sc->reclaim_idx, 1);
do {
vmpressure_prio(sc->gfp_mask, sc->target_mem_cgroup,
sc->priority);
sc->nr_scanned = 0;
shrink_zones(zonelist, sc);
if (sc->nr_reclaimed >= sc->nr_to_reclaim)
break;
if (sc->compaction_ready)
break;
/*
* If we're getting trouble reclaiming, start doing
* writepage even in laptop mode.
*/
if (sc->priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2)
sc->may_writepage = 1;
} while (--sc->priority >= 0);
last_pgdat = NULL;
for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist, sc->reclaim_idx,
sc->nodemask) {
if (zone->zone_pgdat == last_pgdat)
continue;
last_pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
snapshot_refaults(sc->target_mem_cgroup, zone->zone_pgdat);
}
delayacct_freepages_end();
if (sc->nr_reclaimed)
return sc->nr_reclaimed;
/* Aborted reclaim to try compaction? don't OOM, then */
if (sc->compaction_ready)
return 1;
/* Untapped cgroup reserves? Don't OOM, retry. */
if (sc->memcg_low_skipped) {
sc->priority = initial_priority;
sc->memcg_low_reclaim = 1;
sc->memcg_low_skipped = 0;
goto retry;
}
return 0;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Johannes Weiner | 101 | 42.44% | 4 | 11.76% |
| Andrew Morton | 18 | 7.56% | 8 | 23.53% |
| Mel Gorman | 18 | 7.56% | 5 | 14.71% |
| MinChan Kim | 17 | 7.14% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Anton Vorontsov | 15 | 6.30% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 13 | 5.46% | 2 | 5.88% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 11 | 4.62% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Yisheng Xie | 8 | 3.36% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Balbir Singh | 8 | 3.36% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Linus Torvalds | 7 | 2.94% | 3 | 8.82% |
| Kamezawa Hiroyuki | 6 | 2.52% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Keika Kobayashi | 6 | 2.52% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Linus Torvalds (pre-git) | 4 | 1.68% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Rik Van Riel | 2 | 0.84% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 2 | 0.84% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Nigel Cunningham | 1 | 0.42% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Christoph Lameter | 1 | 0.42% | 1 | 2.94% |
| Total | 238 | 100.00% | 34 | 100.00% |
static bool allow_direct_reclaim(pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
struct zone *zone;
unsigned long pfmemalloc_reserve = 0;
unsigned long free_pages = 0;
int i;
bool wmark_ok;
if (pgdat->kswapd_failures >= MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES)
return true;
for (i = 0; i <= ZONE_NORMAL; i++) {
zone = &pgdat->node_zones[i];
if (!managed_zone(zone))
continue;
if (!zone_reclaimable_pages(zone))
continue;
pfmemalloc_reserve += min_wmark_pages(zone);
free_pages += zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES);
}
/* If there are no reserves (unexpected config) then do not throttle */
if (!pfmemalloc_reserve)
return true;
wmark_ok = free_pages > pfmemalloc_reserve / 2;
/* kswapd must be awake if processes are being throttled */
if (!wmark_ok && waitqueue_active(&pgdat->kswapd_wait)) {
pgdat->kswapd_classzone_idx = min(pgdat->kswapd_classzone_idx,
(enum zone_type)ZONE_NORMAL);
wake_up_interruptible(&pgdat->kswapd_wait);
}
return wmark_ok;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 143 | 87.20% | 4 | 57.14% |
| Johannes Weiner | 19 | 11.59% | 2 | 28.57% |
| Nishanth Aravamudan | 2 | 1.22% | 1 | 14.29% |
| Total | 164 | 100.00% | 7 | 100.00% |
/*
* Throttle direct reclaimers if backing storage is backed by the network
* and the PFMEMALLOC reserve for the preferred node is getting dangerously
* depleted. kswapd will continue to make progress and wake the processes
* when the low watermark is reached.
*
* Returns true if a fatal signal was delivered during throttling. If this
* happens, the page allocator should not consider triggering the OOM killer.
*/
static bool throttle_direct_reclaim(gfp_t gfp_mask, struct zonelist *zonelist,
nodemask_t *nodemask)
{
struct zoneref *z;
struct zone *zone;
pg_data_t *pgdat = NULL;
/*
* Kernel threads should not be throttled as they may be indirectly
* responsible for cleaning pages necessary for reclaim to make forward
* progress. kjournald for example may enter direct reclaim while
* committing a transaction where throttling it could forcing other
* processes to block on log_wait_commit().
*/
if (current->flags & PF_KTHREAD)
goto out;
/*
* If a fatal signal is pending, this process should not throttle.
* It should return quickly so it can exit and free its memory
*/
if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
goto out;
/*
* Check if the pfmemalloc reserves are ok by finding the first node
* with a usable ZONE_NORMAL or lower zone. The expectation is that
* GFP_KERNEL will be required for allocating network buffers when
* swapping over the network so ZONE_HIGHMEM is unusable.
*
* Throttling is based on the first usable node and throttled processes
* wait on a queue until kswapd makes progress and wakes them. There
* is an affinity then between processes waking up and where reclaim
* progress has been made assuming the process wakes on the same node.
* More importantly, processes running on remote nodes will not compete
* for remote pfmemalloc reserves and processes on different nodes
* should make reasonable progress.
*/
for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist,
gfp_zone(gfp_mask), nodemask) {
if (zone_idx(zone) > ZONE_NORMAL)
continue;
/* Throttle based on the first usable node */
pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
if (allow_direct_reclaim(pgdat))
goto out;
break;
}
/* If no zone was usable by the allocation flags then do not throttle */
if (!pgdat)
goto out;
/* Account for the throttling */
count_vm_event(PGSCAN_DIRECT_THROTTLE);
/*
* If the caller cannot enter the filesystem, it's possible that it
* is due to the caller holding an FS lock or performing a journal
* transaction in the case of a filesystem like ext[3|4]. In this case,
* it is not safe to block on pfmemalloc_wait as kswapd could be
* blocked waiting on the same lock. Instead, throttle for up to a
* second before continuing.
*/
if (!(gfp_mask & __GFP_FS)) {
wait_event_interruptible_timeout(pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait,
allow_direct_reclaim(pgdat), HZ);
goto check_pending;
}
/* Throttle until kswapd wakes the process */
wait_event_killable(zone->zone_pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait,
allow_direct_reclaim(pgdat));
check_pending:
if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
return true;
out:
return false;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 172 | 97.73% | 4 | 66.67% |
| Johannes Weiner | 3 | 1.70% | 1 | 16.67% |
| Michael S. Tsirkin | 1 | 0.57% | 1 | 16.67% |
| Total | 176 | 100.00% | 6 | 100.00% |
unsigned long try_to_free_pages(struct zonelist *zonelist, int order,
gfp_t gfp_mask, nodemask_t *nodemask)
{
unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
struct scan_control sc = {
.nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
.gfp_mask = current_gfp_context(gfp_mask),
.reclaim_idx = gfp_zone(gfp_mask),
.order = order,
.nodemask = nodemask,
.priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
.may_writepage = !laptop_mode,
.may_unmap = 1,
.may_swap = 1,
};
/*
* Do not enter reclaim if fatal signal was delivered while throttled.
* 1 is returned so that the page allocator does not OOM kill at this
* point.
*/
if (throttle_direct_reclaim(sc.gfp_mask, zonelist, nodemask))
return 1;
trace_mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_begin(order,
sc.may_writepage,
sc.gfp_mask,
sc.reclaim_idx);
nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc);
trace_mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_end(nr_reclaimed);
return nr_reclaimed;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 55 | 40.74% | 6 | 42.86% |
| Balbir Singh | 44 | 32.59% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Johannes Weiner | 18 | 13.33% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Kamezawa Hiroyuki | 5 | 3.70% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Nick Desaulniers | 4 | 2.96% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 3 | 2.22% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 3 | 2.22% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Ming Lei | 2 | 1.48% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Michal Hocko | 1 | 0.74% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Total | 135 | 100.00% | 14 | 100.00% |
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
unsigned long mem_cgroup_shrink_node(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
gfp_t gfp_mask, bool noswap,
pg_data_t *pgdat,
unsigned long *nr_scanned)
{
struct scan_control sc = {
.nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
.target_mem_cgroup = memcg,
.may_writepage = !laptop_mode,
.may_unmap = 1,
.reclaim_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1,
.may_swap = !noswap,
};
unsigned long lru_pages;
sc.gfp_mask = (gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK) |
(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~GFP_RECLAIM_MASK);
trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_softlimit_reclaim_begin(sc.order,
sc.may_writepage,
sc.gfp_mask,
sc.reclaim_idx);
/*
* NOTE: Although we can get the priority field, using it
* here is not a good idea, since it limits the pages we can scan.
* if we don't reclaim here, the shrink_node from balance_pgdat
* will pick up pages from other mem cgroup's as well. We hack
* the priority and make it zero.
*/
shrink_node_memcg(pgdat, memcg, &sc, &lru_pages);
trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_softlimit_reclaim_end(sc.nr_reclaimed);
*nr_scanned = sc.nr_scanned;
return sc.nr_reclaimed;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Balbir Singh | 68 | 48.92% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 22 | 15.83% | 2 | 14.29% |
| Mel Gorman | 17 | 12.23% | 4 | 28.57% |
| Ying Han | 15 | 10.79% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Johannes Weiner | 13 | 9.35% | 4 | 28.57% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 3 | 2.16% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Vladimir Davydov | 1 | 0.72% | 1 | 7.14% |
| Total | 139 | 100.00% | 14 | 100.00% |
unsigned long try_to_free_mem_cgroup_pages(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
unsigned long nr_pages,
gfp_t gfp_mask,
bool may_swap)
{
struct zonelist *zonelist;
unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
int nid;
unsigned int noreclaim_flag;
struct scan_control sc = {
.nr_to_reclaim = max(nr_pages, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX),
.gfp_mask = (current_gfp_context(gfp_mask) & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK) |
(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~GFP_RECLAIM_MASK),
.reclaim_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1,
.target_mem_cgroup = memcg,
.priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
.may_writepage = !laptop_mode,
.may_unmap = 1,
.may_swap = may_swap,
};
/*
* Unlike direct reclaim via alloc_pages(), memcg's reclaim doesn't
* take care of from where we get pages. So the node where we start the
* scan does not need to be the current node.
*/
nid = mem_cgroup_select_victim_node(memcg);
zonelist = &NODE_DATA(nid)->node_zonelists[ZONELIST_FALLBACK];
trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_reclaim_begin(0,
sc.may_writepage,
sc.gfp_mask,
sc.reclaim_idx);
noreclaim_flag = memalloc_noreclaim_save();
nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc);
memalloc_noreclaim_restore(noreclaim_flag);
trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_reclaim_end(nr_reclaimed);
return nr_reclaimed;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Balbir Singh | 44 | 25.73% | 3 | 13.64% |
| Johannes Weiner | 38 | 22.22% | 4 | 18.18% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 33 | 19.30% | 3 | 13.64% |
| Mel Gorman | 15 | 8.77% | 4 | 18.18% |
| Ying Han | 13 | 7.60% | 2 | 9.09% |
| Vlastimil Babka | 12 | 7.02% | 1 | 4.55% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 5 | 2.92% | 1 | 4.55% |
| Kamezawa Hiroyuki | 4 | 2.34% | 2 | 9.09% |
| Aneesh Kumar K.V | 4 | 2.34% | 1 | 4.55% |
| Michal Hocko | 3 | 1.75% | 1 | 4.55% |
| Total | 171 | 100.00% | 22 | 100.00% |
#endif
static void age_active_anon(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
struct scan_control *sc)
{
struct mem_cgroup *memcg;
if (!total_swap_pages)
return;
memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, NULL, NULL);
do {
struct lruvec *lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(pgdat, memcg);
if (inactive_list_is_low(lruvec, false, memcg, sc, true))
shrink_active_list(SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, lruvec,
sc, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON);
memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, memcg, NULL);
} while (memcg);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Johannes Weiner | 69 | 72.63% | 3 | 27.27% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 11 | 11.58% | 3 | 27.27% |
| Mel Gorman | 10 | 10.53% | 3 | 27.27% |
| Rik Van Riel | 3 | 3.16% | 1 | 9.09% |
| Michal Hocko | 2 | 2.11% | 1 | 9.09% |
| Total | 95 | 100.00% | 11 | 100.00% |
/*
* Returns true if there is an eligible zone balanced for the request order
* and classzone_idx
*/
static bool pgdat_balanced(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, int classzone_idx)
{
int i;
unsigned long mark = -1;
struct zone *zone;
for (i = 0; i <= classzone_idx; i++) {
zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;
if (!managed_zone(zone))
continue;
mark = high_wmark_pages(zone);
if (zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order, mark, classzone_idx))
return true;
}
/*
* If a node has no populated zone within classzone_idx, it does not
* need balancing by definition. This can happen if a zone-restricted
* allocation tries to wake a remote kswapd.
*/
if (mark == -1)
return true;
return false;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 70 | 70.00% | 3 | 50.00% |
| Johannes Weiner | 21 | 21.00% | 1 | 16.67% |
| Vlastimil Babka | 9 | 9.00% | 2 | 33.33% |
| Total | 100 | 100.00% | 6 | 100.00% |
/* Clear pgdat state for congested, dirty or under writeback. */
static void clear_pgdat_congested(pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
clear_bit(PGDAT_CONGESTED, &pgdat->flags);
clear_bit(PGDAT_DIRTY, &pgdat->flags);
clear_bit(PGDAT_WRITEBACK, &pgdat->flags);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 39 | 97.50% | 3 | 75.00% |
| Johannes Weiner | 1 | 2.50% | 1 | 25.00% |
| Total | 40 | 100.00% | 4 | 100.00% |
/*
* Prepare kswapd for sleeping. This verifies that there are no processes
* waiting in throttle_direct_reclaim() and that watermarks have been met.
*
* Returns true if kswapd is ready to sleep
*/
static bool prepare_kswapd_sleep(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, int classzone_idx)
{
/*
* The throttled processes are normally woken up in balance_pgdat() as
* soon as allow_direct_reclaim() is true. But there is a potential
* race between when kswapd checks the watermarks and a process gets
* throttled. There is also a potential race if processes get
* throttled, kswapd wakes, a large process exits thereby balancing the
* zones, which causes kswapd to exit balance_pgdat() before reaching
* the wake up checks. If kswapd is going to sleep, no process should
* be sleeping on pfmemalloc_wait, so wake them now if necessary. If
* the wake up is premature, processes will wake kswapd and get
* throttled again. The difference from wake ups in balance_pgdat() is
* that here we are under prepare_to_wait().
*/
if (waitqueue_active(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait))
wake_up_all(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait);
/* Hopeless node, leave it to direct reclaim */
if (pgdat->kswapd_failures >= MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES)
return true;
if (pgdat_balanced(pgdat, order, classzone_idx)) {
clear_pgdat_congested(pgdat);
return true;
}
return false;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 44 | 61.97% | 6 | 66.67% |
| Johannes Weiner | 13 | 18.31% | 1 | 11.11% |
| Zlatko Calusic | 12 | 16.90% | 1 | 11.11% |
| Shantanu Goel | 2 | 2.82% | 1 | 11.11% |
| Total | 71 | 100.00% | 9 | 100.00% |
/*
* kswapd shrinks a node of pages that are at or below the highest usable
* zone that is currently unbalanced.
*
* Returns true if kswapd scanned at least the requested number of pages to
* reclaim or if the lack of progress was due to pages under writeback.
* This is used to determine if the scanning priority needs to be raised.
*/
static bool kswapd_shrink_node(pg_data_t *pgdat,
struct scan_control *sc)
{
struct zone *zone;
int z;
/* Reclaim a number of pages proportional to the number of zones */
sc->nr_to_reclaim = 0;
for (z = 0; z <= sc->reclaim_idx; z++) {
zone = pgdat->node_zones + z;
if (!managed_zone(zone))
continue;
sc->nr_to_reclaim += max(high_wmark_pages(zone), SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX);
}
/*
* Historically care was taken to put equal pressure on all zones but
* now pressure is applied based on node LRU order.
*/
shrink_node(pgdat, sc);
/*
* Fragmentation may mean that the system cannot be rebalanced for
* high-order allocations. If twice the allocation size has been
* reclaimed then recheck watermarks only at order-0 to prevent
* excessive reclaim. Assume that a process requested a high-order
* can direct reclaim/compact.
*/
if (sc->order && sc->nr_reclaimed >= compact_gap(sc->order))
sc->order = 0;
return sc->nr_scanned >= sc->nr_to_reclaim;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 109 | 91.60% | 8 | 72.73% |
| Vlastimil Babka | 8 | 6.72% | 2 | 18.18% |
| Johannes Weiner | 2 | 1.68% | 1 | 9.09% |
| Total | 119 | 100.00% | 11 | 100.00% |
/*
* For kswapd, balance_pgdat() will reclaim pages across a node from zones
* that are eligible for use by the caller until at least one zone is
* balanced.
*
* Returns the order kswapd finished reclaiming at.
*
* kswapd scans the zones in the highmem->normal->dma direction. It skips
* zones which have free_pages > high_wmark_pages(zone), but once a zone is
* found to have free_pages <= high_wmark_pages(zone), any page is that zone
* or lower is eligible for reclaim until at least one usable zone is
* balanced.
*/
static int balance_pgdat(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, int classzone_idx)
{
int i;
unsigned long nr_soft_reclaimed;
unsigned long nr_soft_scanned;
struct zone *zone;
struct scan_control sc = {
.gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL,
.order = order,
.priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
.may_writepage = !laptop_mode,
.may_unmap = 1,
.may_swap = 1,
};
count_vm_event(PAGEOUTRUN);
do {
unsigned long nr_reclaimed = sc.nr_reclaimed;
bool raise_priority = true;
sc.reclaim_idx = classzone_idx;
/*
* If the number of buffer_heads exceeds the maximum allowed
* then consider reclaiming from all zones. This has a dual
* purpose -- on 64-bit systems it is expected that
* buffer_heads are stripped during active rotation. On 32-bit
* systems, highmem pages can pin lowmem memory and shrinking
* buffers can relieve lowmem pressure. Reclaim may still not
* go ahead if all eligible zones for the original allocation
* request are balanced to avoid excessive reclaim from kswapd.
*/
if (buffer_heads_over_limit) {
for (i = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;
if (!managed_zone(zone))
continue;
sc.reclaim_idx = i;
break;
}
}
/*
* Only reclaim if there are no eligible zones. Note that
* sc.reclaim_idx is not used as buffer_heads_over_limit may
* have adjusted it.
*/
if (pgdat_balanced(pgdat, sc.order, classzone_idx))
goto out;
/*
* Do some background aging of the anon list, to give
* pages a chance to be referenced before reclaiming. All
* pages are rotated regardless of classzone as this is
* about consistent aging.
*/
age_active_anon(pgdat, &sc);
/*
* If we're getting trouble reclaiming, start doing writepage
* even in laptop mode.
*/
if (sc.priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2)
sc.may_writepage = 1;
/* Call soft limit reclaim before calling shrink_node. */
sc.nr_scanned = 0;
nr_soft_scanned = 0;
nr_soft_reclaimed = mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim(pgdat, sc.order,
sc.gfp_mask, &nr_soft_scanned);
sc.nr_reclaimed += nr_soft_reclaimed;
/*
* There should be no need to raise the scanning priority if
* enough pages are already being scanned that that high
* watermark would be met at 100% efficiency.
*/
if (kswapd_shrink_node(pgdat, &sc))
raise_priority = false;
/*
* If the low watermark is met there is no need for processes
* to be throttled on pfmemalloc_wait as they should not be
* able to safely make forward progress. Wake them
*/
if (waitqueue_active(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait) &&
allow_direct_reclaim(pgdat))
wake_up_all(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait);
/* Check if kswapd should be suspending */
if (try_to_freeze() || kthread_should_stop())
break;
/*
* Raise priority if scanning rate is too low or there was no
* progress in reclaiming pages
*/
nr_reclaimed = sc.nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed;
if (raise_priority || !nr_reclaimed)
sc.priority--;
} while (sc.priority >= 1);
if (!sc.nr_reclaimed)
pgdat->kswapd_failures++;
out:
snapshot_refaults(NULL, pgdat);
/*
* Return the order kswapd stopped reclaiming at as
* prepare_kswapd_sleep() takes it into account. If another caller
* entered the allocator slow path while kswapd was awake, order will
* remain at the higher level.
*/
return sc.order;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 136 | 41.46% | 13 | 26.53% |
| Andrew Morton | 83 | 25.30% | 12 | 24.49% |
| Johannes Weiner | 44 | 13.41% | 3 | 6.12% |
| Linus Torvalds | 18 | 5.49% | 3 | 6.12% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 9 | 2.74% | 3 | 6.12% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 9 | 2.74% | 2 | 4.08% |
| Linus Torvalds (pre-git) | 7 | 2.13% | 2 | 4.08% |
| Rik Van Riel | 4 | 1.22% | 2 | 4.08% |
| Con Kolivas | 4 | 1.22% | 1 | 2.04% |
| Rafael J. Wysocki | 3 | 0.91% | 2 | 4.08% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 3 | 0.91% | 1 | 2.04% |
| Balbir Singh | 3 | 0.91% | 1 | 2.04% |
| Vlastimil Babka | 2 | 0.61% | 2 | 4.08% |
| Christoph Lameter | 2 | 0.61% | 1 | 2.04% |
| Andy Whitcroft | 1 | 0.30% | 1 | 2.04% |
| Total | 328 | 100.00% | 49 | 100.00% |
/*
* pgdat->kswapd_classzone_idx is the highest zone index that a recent
* allocation request woke kswapd for. When kswapd has not woken recently,
* the value is MAX_NR_ZONES which is not a valid index. This compares a
* given classzone and returns it or the highest classzone index kswapd
* was recently woke for.
*/
static enum zone_type kswapd_classzone_idx(pg_data_t *pgdat,
enum zone_type classzone_idx)
{
if (pgdat->kswapd_classzone_idx == MAX_NR_ZONES)
return classzone_idx;
return max(pgdat->kswapd_classzone_idx, classzone_idx);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 36 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
| Total | 36 | 100.00% | 1 | 100.00% |
static void kswapd_try_to_sleep(pg_data_t *pgdat, int alloc_order, int reclaim_order,
unsigned int classzone_idx)
{
long remaining = 0;
DEFINE_WAIT(wait);
if (freezing(current) || kthread_should_stop())
return;
prepare_to_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
/*
* Try to sleep for a short interval. Note that kcompactd will only be
* woken if it is possible to sleep for a short interval. This is
* deliberate on the assumption that if reclaim cannot keep an
* eligible zone balanced that it's also unlikely that compaction will
* succeed.
*/
if (prepare_kswapd_sleep(pgdat, reclaim_order, classzone_idx)) {
/*
* Compaction records what page blocks it recently failed to
* isolate pages from and skips them in the future scanning.
* When kswapd is going to sleep, it is reasonable to assume
* that pages and compaction may succeed so reset the cache.
*/
reset_isolation_suitable(pgdat);
/*
* We have freed the memory, now we should compact it to make
* allocation of the requested order possible.
*/
wakeup_kcompactd(pgdat, alloc_order, classzone_idx);
remaining = schedule_timeout(HZ/10);
/*
* If woken prematurely then reset kswapd_classzone_idx and
* order. The values will either be from a wakeup request or
* the previous request that slept prematurely.
*/
if (remaining) {
pgdat->kswapd_classzone_idx = kswapd_classzone_idx(pgdat, classzone_idx);
pgdat->kswapd_order = max(pgdat->kswapd_order, reclaim_order);
}
finish_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait);
prepare_to_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
}
/*
* After a short sleep, check if it was a premature sleep. If not, then
* go fully to sleep until explicitly woken up.
*/
if (!remaining &&
prepare_kswapd_sleep(pgdat, reclaim_order, classzone_idx)) {
trace_mm_vmscan_kswapd_sleep(pgdat->node_id);
/*
* vmstat counters are not perfectly accurate and the estimated
* value for counters such as NR_FREE_PAGES can deviate from the
* true value by nr_online_cpus * threshold. To avoid the zone
* watermarks being breached while under pressure, we reduce the
* per-cpu vmstat threshold while kswapd is awake and restore
* them before going back to sleep.
*/
set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pgdat, calculate_normal_threshold);
if (!kthread_should_stop())
schedule();
set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pgdat, calculate_pressure_threshold);
} else {
if (remaining)
count_vm_event(KSWAPD_LOW_WMARK_HIT_QUICKLY);
else
count_vm_event(KSWAPD_HIGH_WMARK_HIT_QUICKLY);
}
finish_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 154 | 68.44% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Mel Gorman | 47 | 20.89% | 5 | 50.00% |
| Vlastimil Babka | 17 | 7.56% | 2 | 20.00% |
| Aaditya Kumar | 6 | 2.67% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Shantanu Goel | 1 | 0.44% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Total | 225 | 100.00% | 10 | 100.00% |
/*
* The background pageout daemon, started as a kernel thread
* from the init process.
*
* This basically trickles out pages so that we have _some_
* free memory available even if there is no other activity
* that frees anything up. This is needed for things like routing
* etc, where we otherwise might have all activity going on in
* asynchronous contexts that cannot page things out.
*
* If there are applications that are active memory-allocators
* (most normal use), this basically shouldn't matter.
*/
static int kswapd(void *p)
{
unsigned int alloc_order, reclaim_order;
unsigned int classzone_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1;
pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t*)p;
struct task_struct *tsk = current;
struct reclaim_state reclaim_state = {
.reclaimed_slab = 0,
};
const struct cpumask *cpumask = cpumask_of_node(pgdat->node_id);
if (!cpumask_empty(cpumask))
set_cpus_allowed_ptr(tsk, cpumask);
current->reclaim_state = &reclaim_state;
/*
* Tell the memory management that we're a "memory allocator",
* and that if we need more memory we should get access to it
* regardless (see "__alloc_pages()"). "kswapd" should
* never get caught in the normal page freeing logic.
*
* (Kswapd normally doesn't need memory anyway, but sometimes
* you need a small amount of memory in order to be able to
* page out something else, and this flag essentially protects
* us from recursively trying to free more memory as we're
* trying to free the first piece of memory in the first place).
*/
tsk->flags |= PF_MEMALLOC | PF_SWAPWRITE | PF_KSWAPD;
set_freezable();
pgdat->kswapd_order = 0;
pgdat->kswapd_classzone_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES;
for ( ; ; ) {
bool ret;
alloc_order = reclaim_order = pgdat->kswapd_order;
classzone_idx = kswapd_classzone_idx(pgdat, classzone_idx);
kswapd_try_sleep:
kswapd_try_to_sleep(pgdat, alloc_order, reclaim_order,
classzone_idx);
/* Read the new order and classzone_idx */
alloc_order = reclaim_order = pgdat->kswapd_order;
classzone_idx = kswapd_classzone_idx(pgdat, 0);
pgdat->kswapd_order = 0;
pgdat->kswapd_classzone_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES;
ret = try_to_freeze();
if (kthread_should_stop())
break;
/*
* We can speed up thawing tasks if we don't call balance_pgdat
* after returning from the refrigerator
*/
if (ret)
continue;
/*
* Reclaim begins at the requested order but if a high-order
* reclaim fails then kswapd falls back to reclaiming for
* order-0. If that happens, kswapd will consider sleeping
* for the order it finished reclaiming at (reclaim_order)
* but kcompactd is woken to compact for the original
* request (alloc_order).
*/
trace_mm_vmscan_kswapd_wake(pgdat->node_id, classzone_idx,
alloc_order);
fs_reclaim_acquire(GFP_KERNEL);
reclaim_order = balance_pgdat(pgdat, alloc_order, classzone_idx);
fs_reclaim_release(GFP_KERNEL);
if (reclaim_order < alloc_order)
goto kswapd_try_sleep;
}
tsk->flags &= ~(PF_MEMALLOC | PF_SWAPWRITE | PF_KSWAPD);
current->reclaim_state = NULL;
return 0;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 98 | 37.12% | 9 | 23.08% |
| Andrew Morton | 54 | 20.45% | 7 | 17.95% |
| Linus Torvalds (pre-git) | 28 | 10.61% | 5 | 12.82% |
| David Rientjes | 14 | 5.30% | 1 | 2.56% |
| Johannes Weiner | 13 | 4.92% | 1 | 2.56% |
| Peter Zijlstra | 10 | 3.79% | 1 | 2.56% |
| Rusty Russell | 9 | 3.41% | 2 | 5.13% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 7 | 2.65% | 1 | 2.56% |
| Rafael J. Wysocki | 7 | 2.65% | 2 | 5.13% |
| Takamori Yamaguchi | 6 | 2.27% | 1 | 2.56% |
| Alex Shi | 4 | 1.52% | 2 | 5.13% |
| Linus Torvalds | 4 | 1.52% | 1 | 2.56% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 3 | 1.14% | 2 | 5.13% |
| Mike Travis | 2 | 0.76% | 1 | 2.56% |
| Vlastimil Babka | 2 | 0.76% | 1 | 2.56% |
| Christoph Lameter | 2 | 0.76% | 1 | 2.56% |
| Jie Liu | 1 | 0.38% | 1 | 2.56% |
| Total | 264 | 100.00% | 39 | 100.00% |
/*
* A zone is low on free memory, so wake its kswapd task to service it.
*/
void wakeup_kswapd(struct zone *zone, int order, enum zone_type classzone_idx)
{
pg_data_t *pgdat;
if (!managed_zone(zone))
return;
if (!cpuset_zone_allowed(zone, GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_HARDWALL))
return;
pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
pgdat->kswapd_classzone_idx = kswapd_classzone_idx(pgdat,
classzone_idx);
pgdat->kswapd_order = max(pgdat->kswapd_order, order);
if (!waitqueue_active(&pgdat->kswapd_wait))
return;
/* Hopeless node, leave it to direct reclaim */
if (pgdat->kswapd_failures >= MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES)
return;
if (pgdat_balanced(pgdat, order, classzone_idx))
return;
trace_mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd(pgdat->node_id, classzone_idx, order);
wake_up_interruptible(&pgdat->kswapd_wait);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 63 | 50.00% | 8 | 50.00% |
| Andrew Morton | 29 | 23.02% | 2 | 12.50% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 13 | 10.32% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Johannes Weiner | 10 | 7.94% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Con Kolivas | 5 | 3.97% | 2 | 12.50% |
| Vladimir Davydov | 3 | 2.38% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Paul Jackson | 3 | 2.38% | 1 | 6.25% |
| Total | 126 | 100.00% | 16 | 100.00% |
#ifdef CONFIG_HIBERNATION
/*
* Try to free `nr_to_reclaim' of memory, system-wide, and return the number of
* freed pages.
*
* Rather than trying to age LRUs the aim is to preserve the overall
* LRU order by reclaiming preferentially
* inactive > active > active referenced > active mapped
*/
unsigned long shrink_all_memory(unsigned long nr_to_reclaim)
{
struct reclaim_state reclaim_state;
struct scan_control sc = {
.nr_to_reclaim = nr_to_reclaim,
.gfp_mask = GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE,
.reclaim_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1,
.priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
.may_writepage = 1,
.may_unmap = 1,
.may_swap = 1,
.hibernation_mode = 1,
};
struct zonelist *zonelist = node_zonelist(numa_node_id(), sc.gfp_mask);
struct task_struct *p = current;
unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
unsigned int noreclaim_flag;
noreclaim_flag = memalloc_noreclaim_save();
fs_reclaim_acquire(sc.gfp_mask);
reclaim_state.reclaimed_slab = 0;
p->reclaim_state = &reclaim_state;
nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc);
p->reclaim_state = NULL;
fs_reclaim_release(sc.gfp_mask);
memalloc_noreclaim_restore(noreclaim_flag);
return nr_reclaimed;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Rafael J. Wysocki | 65 | 43.92% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 37 | 25.00% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Vlastimil Babka | 12 | 8.11% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Johannes Weiner | 12 | 8.11% | 2 | 20.00% |
| Peter Zijlstra | 7 | 4.73% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Mel Gorman | 7 | 4.73% | 1 | 10.00% |
| MinChan Kim | 3 | 2.03% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 3 | 2.03% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Andrew Morton | 2 | 1.35% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Total | 148 | 100.00% | 10 | 100.00% |
#endif /* CONFIG_HIBERNATION */
/* It's optimal to keep kswapds on the same CPUs as their memory, but
not required for correctness. So if the last cpu in a node goes
away, we get changed to run anywhere: as the first one comes back,
restore their cpu bindings. */
static int kswapd_cpu_online(unsigned int cpu)
{
int nid;
for_each_node_state(nid, N_MEMORY) {
pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
const struct cpumask *mask;
mask = cpumask_of_node(pgdat->node_id);
if (cpumask_any_and(cpu_online_mask, mask) < nr_cpu_ids)
/* One of our CPUs online: restore mask */
set_cpus_allowed_ptr(pgdat->kswapd, mask);
}
return 0;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Rusty Russell | 45 | 65.22% | 3 | 42.86% |
| Yasunori Goto | 11 | 15.94% | 1 | 14.29% |
| Mike Travis | 8 | 11.59% | 1 | 14.29% |
| Sebastian Andrzej Siewior | 4 | 5.80% | 1 | 14.29% |
| Lai Jiangshan | 1 | 1.45% | 1 | 14.29% |
| Total | 69 | 100.00% | 7 | 100.00% |
/*
* This kswapd start function will be called by init and node-hot-add.
* On node-hot-add, kswapd will moved to proper cpus if cpus are hot-added.
*/
int kswapd_run(int nid)
{
pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
int ret = 0;
if (pgdat->kswapd)
return 0;
pgdat->kswapd = kthread_run(kswapd, pgdat, "kswapd%d", nid);
if (IS_ERR(pgdat->kswapd)) {
/* failure at boot is fatal */
BUG_ON(system_state < SYSTEM_RUNNING);
pr_err("Failed to start kswapd on node %d\n", nid);
ret = PTR_ERR(pgdat->kswapd);
pgdat->kswapd = NULL;
}
return ret;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Yasunori Goto | 48 | 53.33% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Andrew Morton | 13 | 14.44% | 3 | 30.00% |
| Linus Torvalds (pre-git) | 10 | 11.11% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Xishi Qiu | 6 | 6.67% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Gavin Shan | 6 | 6.67% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Wen Congyang | 3 | 3.33% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Rusty Russell | 2 | 2.22% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Thomas Gleixner | 2 | 2.22% | 1 | 10.00% |
| Total | 90 | 100.00% | 10 | 100.00% |
/*
* Called by memory hotplug when all memory in a node is offlined. Caller must
* hold mem_hotplug_begin/end().
*/
void kswapd_stop(int nid)
{
struct task_struct *kswapd = NODE_DATA(nid)->kswapd;
if (kswapd) {
kthread_stop(kswapd);
NODE_DATA(nid)->kswapd = NULL;
}
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| David Rientjes | 29 | 72.50% | 1 | 50.00% |
| Jiang Liu | 11 | 27.50% | 1 | 50.00% |
| Total | 40 | 100.00% | 2 | 100.00% |
static int __init kswapd_init(void)
{
int nid, ret;
swap_setup();
for_each_node_state(nid, N_MEMORY)
kswapd_run(nid);
ret = cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN,
"mm/vmscan:online", kswapd_cpu_online,
NULL);
WARN_ON(ret < 0);
return 0;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Yasunori Goto | 17 | 33.33% | 1 | 12.50% |
| Sebastian Andrzej Siewior | 17 | 33.33% | 1 | 12.50% |
| Andrew Morton | 5 | 9.80% | 2 | 25.00% |
| Rusty Russell | 5 | 9.80% | 1 | 12.50% |
| Linus Torvalds (pre-git) | 4 | 7.84% | 1 | 12.50% |
| Christoph Lameter | 2 | 3.92% | 1 | 12.50% |
| Lai Jiangshan | 1 | 1.96% | 1 | 12.50% |
| Total | 51 | 100.00% | 8 | 100.00% |
module_init(kswapd_init)
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
/*
* Node reclaim mode
*
* If non-zero call node_reclaim when the number of free pages falls below
* the watermarks.
*/
int node_reclaim_mode __read_mostly;
#define RECLAIM_OFF 0
#define RECLAIM_ZONE (1<<0)
/* Run shrink_inactive_list on the zone */
#define RECLAIM_WRITE (1<<1)
/* Writeout pages during reclaim */
#define RECLAIM_UNMAP (1<<2)
/* Unmap pages during reclaim */
/*
* Priority for NODE_RECLAIM. This determines the fraction of pages
* of a node considered for each zone_reclaim. 4 scans 1/16th of
* a zone.
*/
#define NODE_RECLAIM_PRIORITY 4
/*
* Percentage of pages in a zone that must be unmapped for node_reclaim to
* occur.
*/
int sysctl_min_unmapped_ratio = 1;
/*
* If the number of slab pages in a zone grows beyond this percentage then
* slab reclaim needs to occur.
*/
int sysctl_min_slab_ratio = 5;
static inline unsigned long node_unmapped_file_pages(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
unsigned long file_mapped = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_FILE_MAPPED);
unsigned long file_lru = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE) +
node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ACTIVE_FILE);
/*
* It's possible for there to be more file mapped pages than
* accounted for by the pages on the file LRU lists because
* tmpfs pages accounted for as ANON can also be FILE_MAPPED
*/
return (file_lru > file_mapped) ? (file_lru - file_mapped) : 0;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 58 | 100.00% | 4 | 100.00% |
| Total | 58 | 100.00% | 4 | 100.00% |
/* Work out how many page cache pages we can reclaim in this reclaim_mode */
static unsigned long node_pagecache_reclaimable(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
unsigned long nr_pagecache_reclaimable;
unsigned long delta = 0;
/*
* If RECLAIM_UNMAP is set, then all file pages are considered
* potentially reclaimable. Otherwise, we have to worry about
* pages like swapcache and node_unmapped_file_pages() provides
* a better estimate
*/
if (node_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_UNMAP)
nr_pagecache_reclaimable = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_FILE_PAGES);
else
nr_pagecache_reclaimable = node_unmapped_file_pages(pgdat);
/* If we can't clean pages, remove dirty pages from consideration */
if (!(node_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_WRITE))
delta += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_FILE_DIRTY);
/* Watch for any possible underflows due to delta */
if (unlikely(delta > nr_pagecache_reclaimable))
delta = nr_pagecache_reclaimable;
return nr_pagecache_reclaimable - delta;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 80 | 95.24% | 3 | 60.00% |
| Alexandru Moise | 3 | 3.57% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Zhihui Zhang | 1 | 1.19% | 1 | 20.00% |
| Total | 84 | 100.00% | 5 | 100.00% |
/*
* Try to free up some pages from this node through reclaim.
*/
static int __node_reclaim(struct pglist_data *pgdat, gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order)
{
/* Minimum pages needed in order to stay on node */
const unsigned long nr_pages = 1 << order;
struct task_struct *p = current;
struct reclaim_state reclaim_state;
unsigned int noreclaim_flag;
struct scan_control sc = {
.nr_to_reclaim = max(nr_pages, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX),
.gfp_mask = current_gfp_context(gfp_mask),
.order = order,
.priority = NODE_RECLAIM_PRIORITY,
.may_writepage = !!(node_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_WRITE),
.may_unmap = !!(node_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_UNMAP),
.may_swap = 1,
.reclaim_idx = gfp_zone(gfp_mask),
};
cond_resched();
/*
* We need to be able to allocate from the reserves for RECLAIM_UNMAP
* and we also need to be able to write out pages for RECLAIM_WRITE
* and RECLAIM_UNMAP.
*/
noreclaim_flag = memalloc_noreclaim_save();
p->flags |= PF_SWAPWRITE;
fs_reclaim_acquire(sc.gfp_mask);
reclaim_state.reclaimed_slab = 0;
p->reclaim_state = &reclaim_state;
if (node_pagecache_reclaimable(pgdat) > pgdat->min_unmapped_pages) {
/*
* Free memory by calling shrink zone with increasing
* priorities until we have enough memory freed.
*/
do {
shrink_node(pgdat, &sc);
} while (sc.nr_reclaimed < nr_pages && --sc.priority >= 0);
}
p->reclaim_state = NULL;
fs_reclaim_release(gfp_mask);
current->flags &= ~PF_SWAPWRITE;
memalloc_noreclaim_restore(noreclaim_flag);
return sc.nr_reclaimed >= nr_pages;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Christoph Lameter | 98 | 44.95% | 8 | 30.77% |
| Johannes Weiner | 27 | 12.39% | 2 | 7.69% |
| Andrew Morton | 19 | 8.72% | 3 | 11.54% |
| Mel Gorman | 15 | 6.88% | 2 | 7.69% |
| Vlastimil Babka | 14 | 6.42% | 1 | 3.85% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 11 | 5.05% | 1 | 3.85% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 11 | 5.05% | 2 | 7.69% |
| Peter Zijlstra | 6 | 2.75% | 1 | 3.85% |
| Nick Desaulniers | 6 | 2.75% | 1 | 3.85% |
| Rik Van Riel | 4 | 1.83% | 1 | 3.85% |
| Zhihui Zhang | 2 | 0.92% | 1 | 3.85% |
| Rafael J. Wysocki | 2 | 0.92% | 1 | 3.85% |
| Ming Lei | 2 | 0.92% | 1 | 3.85% |
| Michal Hocko | 1 | 0.46% | 1 | 3.85% |
| Total | 218 | 100.00% | 26 | 100.00% |
int node_reclaim(struct pglist_data *pgdat, gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order)
{
int ret;
/*
* Node reclaim reclaims unmapped file backed pages and
* slab pages if we are over the defined limits.
*
* A small portion of unmapped file backed pages is needed for
* file I/O otherwise pages read by file I/O will be immediately
* thrown out if the node is overallocated. So we do not reclaim
* if less than a specified percentage of the node is used by
* unmapped file backed pages.
*/
if (node_pagecache_reclaimable(pgdat) <= pgdat->min_unmapped_pages &&
node_page_state(pgdat, NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE) <= pgdat->min_slab_pages)
return NODE_RECLAIM_FULL;
/*
* Do not scan if the allocation should not be delayed.
*/
if (!gfpflags_allow_blocking(gfp_mask) || (current->flags & PF_MEMALLOC))
return NODE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN;
/*
* Only run node reclaim on the local node or on nodes that do not
* have associated processors. This will favor the local processor
* over remote processors and spread off node memory allocations
* as wide as possible.
*/
if (node_state(pgdat->node_id, N_CPU) && pgdat->node_id != numa_node_id())
return NODE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN;
if (test_and_set_bit(PGDAT_RECLAIM_LOCKED, &pgdat->flags))
return NODE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN;
ret = __node_reclaim(pgdat, gfp_mask, order);
clear_bit(PGDAT_RECLAIM_LOCKED, &pgdat->flags);
if (!ret)
count_vm_event(PGSCAN_ZONE_RECLAIM_FAILED);
return ret;
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Andrew Morton | 57 | 41.61% | 1 | 9.09% |
| Mel Gorman | 37 | 27.01% | 3 | 27.27% |
| David Rientjes | 17 | 12.41% | 1 | 9.09% |
| Christoph Lameter | 15 | 10.95% | 4 | 36.36% |
| Johannes Weiner | 11 | 8.03% | 2 | 18.18% |
| Total | 137 | 100.00% | 11 | 100.00% |
#endif
/*
* page_evictable - test whether a page is evictable
* @page: the page to test
*
* Test whether page is evictable--i.e., should be placed on active/inactive
* lists vs unevictable list.
*
* Reasons page might not be evictable:
* (1) page's mapping marked unevictable
* (2) page is part of an mlocked VMA
*
*/
int page_evictable(struct page *page)
{
return !mapping_unevictable(page_mapping(page)) && !PageMlocked(page);
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Lee Schermerhorn | 18 | 69.23% | 2 | 50.00% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 4 | 15.38% | 1 | 25.00% |
| Hugh Dickins | 4 | 15.38% | 1 | 25.00% |
| Total | 26 | 100.00% | 4 | 100.00% |
#ifdef CONFIG_SHMEM
/**
* check_move_unevictable_pages - check pages for evictability and move to appropriate zone lru list
* @pages: array of pages to check
* @nr_pages: number of pages to check
*
* Checks pages for evictability and moves them to the appropriate lru list.
*
* This function is only used for SysV IPC SHM_UNLOCK.
*/
void check_move_unevictable_pages(struct page **pages, int nr_pages)
{
struct lruvec *lruvec;
struct pglist_data *pgdat = NULL;
int pgscanned = 0;
int pgrescued = 0;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++) {
struct page *page = pages[i];
struct pglist_data *pagepgdat = page_pgdat(page);
pgscanned++;
if (pagepgdat != pgdat) {
if (pgdat)
spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
pgdat = pagepgdat;
spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
}
lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, pgdat);
if (!PageLRU(page) || !PageUnevictable(page))
continue;
if (page_evictable(page)) {
enum lru_list lru = page_lru_base_type(page);
VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageActive(page), page);
ClearPageUnevictable(page);
del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, LRU_UNEVICTABLE);
add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
pgrescued++;
}
}
if (pgdat) {
__count_vm_events(UNEVICTABLE_PGRESCUED, pgrescued);
__count_vm_events(UNEVICTABLE_PGSCANNED, pgscanned);
spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
}
}
Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Hugh Dickins | 94 | 43.72% | 3 | 42.86% |
| Lee Schermerhorn | 85 | 39.53% | 1 | 14.29% |
| Mel Gorman | 28 | 13.02% | 1 | 14.29% |
| Johannes Weiner | 5 | 2.33% | 1 | 14.29% |
| Sasha Levin | 3 | 1.40% | 1 | 14.29% |
| Total | 215 | 100.00% | 7 | 100.00% |
#endif /* CONFIG_SHMEM */
Overall Contributors
| Person | Tokens | Prop | Commits | CommitProp |
| Mel Gorman | 3196 | 25.47% | 91 | 15.58% |
| Johannes Weiner | 1717 | 13.69% | 54 | 9.25% |
| Andrew Morton | 1250 | 9.96% | 76 | 13.01% |
| Rik Van Riel | 485 | 3.87% | 17 | 2.91% |
| Michal Hocko | 466 | 3.71% | 19 | 3.25% |
| Motohiro Kosaki | 436 | 3.48% | 23 | 3.94% |
| Christoph Lameter | 428 | 3.41% | 22 | 3.77% |
| Hugh Dickins | 421 | 3.36% | 18 | 3.08% |
| MinChan Kim | 359 | 2.86% | 19 | 3.25% |
| Vladimir Davydov | 282 | 2.25% | 14 | 2.40% |
| Nicholas Piggin | 269 | 2.14% | 15 | 2.57% |
| Konstantin Khlebnikov | 224 | 1.79% | 15 | 2.57% |
| Fengguang Wu | 193 | 1.54% | 8 | 1.37% |
| Lee Schermerhorn | 180 | 1.43% | 5 | 0.86% |
| Balbir Singh | 176 | 1.40% | 4 | 0.68% |
| Huang Ying | 161 | 1.28% | 4 | 0.68% |
| Linus Torvalds | 139 | 1.11% | 21 | 3.60% |
| Andy Whitcroft | 136 | 1.08% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Glauber de Oliveira Costa | 129 | 1.03% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Shaohua Li | 127 | 1.01% | 4 | 0.68% |
| Vlastimil Babka | 122 | 0.97% | 8 | 1.37% |
| Dave Chinner | 119 | 0.95% | 7 | 1.20% |
| Roman Gushchin | 116 | 0.92% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Linus Torvalds (pre-git) | 103 | 0.82% | 12 | 2.05% |
| Kamezawa Hiroyuki | 96 | 0.77% | 7 | 1.20% |
| David Rientjes | 96 | 0.77% | 4 | 0.68% |
| Rafael J. Wysocki | 82 | 0.65% | 6 | 1.03% |
| Yasunori Goto | 80 | 0.64% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Rusty Russell | 73 | 0.58% | 5 | 0.86% |
| Tejun Heo | 73 | 0.58% | 3 | 0.51% |
| David Shaohua Li | 54 | 0.43% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Andrea Arcangeli | 51 | 0.41% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Jerome Marchand | 46 | 0.37% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Kirill A. Shutemov | 45 | 0.36% | 5 | 0.86% |
| Ying Han | 42 | 0.33% | 4 | 0.68% |
| Anton Vorontsov | 41 | 0.33% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Neil Brown | 38 | 0.30% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Martin Hicks | 27 | 0.22% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Yisheng Xie | 25 | 0.20% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Sasha Levin | 24 | 0.19% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Peter Zijlstra | 23 | 0.18% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Greg Thelen | 22 | 0.18% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Sebastian Andrzej Siewior | 21 | 0.17% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Josef Bacik | 18 | 0.14% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Hillf Danton | 17 | 0.14% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Paul Jackson | 16 | 0.13% | 3 | 0.51% |
| Andrey Ryabinin | 16 | 0.13% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Weijie Yang | 16 | 0.13% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Chris Wilson | 15 | 0.12% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Tetsuo Handa | 14 | 0.11% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Zlatko Calusic | 12 | 0.10% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo | 11 | 0.09% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Christoph Hellwig | 11 | 0.09% | 4 | 0.68% |
| Jiang Liu | 11 | 0.09% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Mitchel Humpherys | 11 | 0.09% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Nick Desaulniers | 10 | 0.08% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Mike Travis | 10 | 0.08% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Ross Zwisler | 10 | 0.08% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Hirofumi Ogawa | 10 | 0.08% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Con Kolivas | 9 | 0.07% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Ingo Molnar | 9 | 0.07% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Keika Kobayashi | 9 | 0.07% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Rafael Aquini | 8 | 0.06% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Andrey Vagin | 7 | 0.06% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Gavin Shan | 6 | 0.05% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Jamie Liu | 6 | 0.05% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Takamori Yamaguchi | 6 | 0.05% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Aaditya Kumar | 6 | 0.05% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Xishi Qiu | 6 | 0.05% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Zhihui Zhang | 5 | 0.04% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Aneesh Kumar K.V | 4 | 0.03% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Nigel Cunningham | 4 | 0.03% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Alex Shi | 4 | 0.03% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Dave Hansen | 4 | 0.03% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Ming Lei | 4 | 0.03% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Shantanu Goel | 4 | 0.03% | 2 | 0.34% |
| JoonSoo Kim | 4 | 0.03% | 2 | 0.34% |
| David Howells | 3 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Wen Congyang | 3 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Alexandru Moise | 3 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Richard Henderson | 2 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Lai Jiangshan | 2 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Guillaume Chazarain | 2 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Al Viro | 2 | 0.02% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Yaowei Bai | 2 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Jens Axboe | 2 | 0.02% | 2 | 0.34% |
| Nishanth Aravamudan | 2 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Thomas Gleixner | 2 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Pavel Machek | 2 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Zach Brown | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Wanpeng Li | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Jie Liu | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Mike Rapoport | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Pintu Kumar | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Wang Sheng-Hui | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Tao Ma | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Fernando Luis Vázquez Cao | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Bernardo Innocenti | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Greg Kroah-Hartman | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Zhang Yanfei | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Harvey Harrison | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Michael S. Tsirkin | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.17% |
| Total | 12546 | 100.00% | 584 | 100.00% |
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