cregit-Linux how code gets into the kernel

Release 4.7 drivers/block/brd.c

Directory: drivers/block
/*
 * Ram backed block device driver.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2007 Nick Piggin
 * Copyright (C) 2007 Novell Inc.
 *
 * Parts derived from drivers/block/rd.c, and drivers/block/loop.c, copyright
 * of their respective owners.
 */

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
#include <linux/major.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/bio.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/radix-tree.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_DAX
#include <linux/pfn_t.h>
#endif

#include <asm/uaccess.h>


#define SECTOR_SHIFT		9

#define PAGE_SECTORS_SHIFT	(PAGE_SHIFT - SECTOR_SHIFT)

#define PAGE_SECTORS		(1 << PAGE_SECTORS_SHIFT)

/*
 * Each block ramdisk device has a radix_tree brd_pages of pages that stores
 * the pages containing the block device's contents. A brd page's ->index is
 * its offset in PAGE_SIZE units. This is similar to, but in no way connected
 * with, the kernel's pagecache or buffer cache (which sit above our block
 * device).
 */

struct brd_device {
	
int		brd_number;

	
struct request_queue	*brd_queue;
	
struct gendisk		*brd_disk;
	
struct list_head	brd_list;

	/*
         * Backing store of pages and lock to protect it. This is the contents
         * of the block device.
         */
	
spinlock_t		brd_lock;
	
struct radix_tree_root	brd_pages;
};

/*
 * Look up and return a brd's page for a given sector.
 */
static DEFINE_MUTEX(brd_mutex);

static struct page *brd_lookup_page(struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector) { pgoff_t idx; struct page *page; /* * The page lifetime is protected by the fact that we have opened the * device node -- brd pages will never be deleted under us, so we * don't need any further locking or refcounting. * * This is strictly true for the radix-tree nodes as well (ie. we * don't actually need the rcu_read_lock()), however that is not a * documented feature of the radix-tree API so it is better to be * safe here (we don't have total exclusion from radix tree updates * here, only deletes). */ rcu_read_lock(); idx = sector >> PAGE_SECTORS_SHIFT; /* sector to page index */ page = radix_tree_lookup(&brd->brd_pages, idx); rcu_read_unlock(); BUG_ON(page && page->index != idx); return page; }

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nick pigginnick piggin4164.06%120.00%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds1320.31%120.00%
andrew mortonandrew morton1015.62%360.00%
Total64100.00%5100.00%

/* * Look up and return a brd's page for a given sector. * If one does not exist, allocate an empty page, and insert that. Then * return it. */
static struct page *brd_insert_page(struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector) { pgoff_t idx; struct page *page; gfp_t gfp_flags; page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector); if (page) return page; /* * Must use NOIO because we don't want to recurse back into the * block or filesystem layers from page reclaim. * * Cannot support DAX and highmem, because our ->direct_access * routine for DAX must return memory that is always addressable. * If DAX was reworked to use pfns and kmap throughout, this * restriction might be able to be lifted. */ gfp_flags = GFP_NOIO | __GFP_ZERO; #ifndef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_DAX gfp_flags |= __GFP_HIGHMEM; #endif page = alloc_page(gfp_flags); if (!page) return NULL; if (radix_tree_preload(GFP_NOIO)) { __free_page(page); return NULL; } spin_lock(&brd->brd_lock); idx = sector >> PAGE_SECTORS_SHIFT; page->index = idx; if (radix_tree_insert(&brd->brd_pages, idx, page)) { __free_page(page); page = radix_tree_lookup(&brd->brd_pages, idx); BUG_ON(!page); BUG_ON(page->index != idx); } spin_unlock(&brd->brd_lock); radix_tree_preload_end(); return page; }

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nick pigginnick piggin10963.01%225.00%
andrew mortonandrew morton3821.97%225.00%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds179.83%112.50%
brian behlendorfbrian behlendorf63.47%112.50%
matthew wilcoxmatthew wilcox21.16%112.50%
petr tesarikpetr tesarik10.58%112.50%
Total173100.00%8100.00%


static void brd_free_page(struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector) { struct page *page; pgoff_t idx; spin_lock(&brd->brd_lock); idx = sector >> PAGE_SECTORS_SHIFT; page = radix_tree_delete(&brd->brd_pages, idx); spin_unlock(&brd->brd_lock); if (page) __free_page(page); }

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nick pigginnick piggin65100.00%1100.00%
Total65100.00%1100.00%


static void brd_zero_page(struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector) { struct page *page; page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector); if (page) clear_highpage(page); }

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nick pigginnick piggin37100.00%1100.00%
Total37100.00%1100.00%

/* * Free all backing store pages and radix tree. This must only be called when * there are no other users of the device. */ #define FREE_BATCH 16
static void brd_free_pages(struct brd_device *brd) { unsigned long pos = 0; struct page *pages[FREE_BATCH]; int nr_pages; do { int i; nr_pages = radix_tree_gang_lookup(&brd->brd_pages, (void **)pages, pos, FREE_BATCH); for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++) { void *ret; BUG_ON(pages[i]->index < pos); pos = pages[i]->index; ret = radix_tree_delete(&brd->brd_pages, pos); BUG_ON(!ret || ret != pages[i]); __free_page(pages[i]); } pos++; /* * This assumes radix_tree_gang_lookup always returns as * many pages as possible. If the radix-tree code changes, * so will this have to. */ } while (nr_pages == FREE_BATCH); }

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nick pigginnick piggin13093.53%150.00%
andrew mortonandrew morton96.47%150.00%
Total139100.00%2100.00%

/* * copy_to_brd_setup must be called before copy_to_brd. It may sleep. */
static int copy_to_brd_setup(struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector, size_t n) { unsigned int offset = (sector & (PAGE_SECTORS-1)) << SECTOR_SHIFT; size_t copy; copy = min_t(size_t, n, PAGE_SIZE - offset); if (!brd_insert_page(brd, sector)) return -ENOSPC; if (copy < n) { sector += copy >> SECTOR_SHIFT; if (!brd_insert_page(brd, sector)) return -ENOSPC; } return 0; }

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nick pigginnick piggin7377.66%120.00%
andrew mortonandrew morton1515.96%240.00%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds44.26%120.00%
matthew wilcoxmatthew wilcox22.13%120.00%
Total94100.00%5100.00%


static void discard_from_brd(struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector, size_t n) { while (n >= PAGE_SIZE) { /* * Don't want to actually discard pages here because * re-allocating the pages can result in writeback * deadlocks under heavy load. */ if (0) brd_free_page(brd, sector); else brd_zero_page(brd, sector); sector += PAGE_SIZE >> SECTOR_SHIFT; n -= PAGE_SIZE; } }

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nick pigginnick piggin55100.00%1100.00%
Total55100.00%1100.00%

/* * Copy n bytes from src to the brd starting at sector. Does not sleep. */
static void copy_to_brd(struct brd_device *brd, const void *src, sector_t sector, size_t n) { struct page *page; void *dst; unsigned int offset = (sector & (PAGE_SECTORS-1)) << SECTOR_SHIFT; size_t copy; copy = min_t(size_t, n, PAGE_SIZE - offset); page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector); BUG_ON(!page); dst = kmap_atomic(page); memcpy(dst + offset, src, copy); kunmap_atomic(dst); if (copy < n) { src += copy; sector += copy >> SECTOR_SHIFT; copy = n - copy; page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector); BUG_ON(!page); dst = kmap_atomic(page); memcpy(dst, src, copy); kunmap_atomic(dst); } }

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nick pigginnick piggin8754.04%111.11%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds5031.06%333.33%
andrew mortonandrew morton116.83%222.22%
christian borntraegerchristian borntraeger74.35%111.11%
al viroal viro53.11%111.11%
russell kingrussell king10.62%111.11%
Total161100.00%9100.00%

/* * Copy n bytes to dst from the brd starting at sector. Does not sleep. */
static void copy_from_brd(void *dst, struct brd_device *brd, sector_t sector, size_t n) { struct page *page; void *src; unsigned int offset = (sector & (PAGE_SECTORS-1)) << SECTOR_SHIFT; size_t copy; copy = min_t(size_t, n, PAGE_SIZE - offset); page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector); if (page) { src = kmap_atomic(page); memcpy(dst, src + offset, copy); kunmap_atomic(src); } else memset(dst, 0, copy); if (copy < n) { dst += copy; sector += copy >> SECTOR_SHIFT; copy = n - copy; page = brd_lookup_page(brd, sector); if (page) { src = kmap_atomic(page); memcpy(dst, src, copy); kunmap_atomic(src); } else memset(dst, 0, copy); } }

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nick pigginnick piggin13172.78%114.29%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds2715.00%342.86%
al viroal viro137.22%114.29%
pre-gitpre-git95.00%228.57%
Total180100.00%7100.00%

/* * Process a single bvec of a bio. */
static int brd_do_bvec(struct brd_device *brd, struct page *page, unsigned int len, unsigned int off, int rw, sector_t sector) { void *mem; int err = 0; if (rw != READ) { err = copy_to_brd_setup(brd, sector, len); if (err) goto out; } mem = kmap_atomic(page); if (rw == READ) { copy_from_brd(mem + off, brd, sector, len); flush_dcache_page(page); } else { flush_dcache_page(page); copy_to_brd(brd, mem + off, sector, len); } kunmap_atomic(mem); out: return err; }

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nick pigginnick piggin9976.74%225.00%
pre-gitpre-git1813.95%225.00%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds75.43%225.00%
al viroal viro53.88%225.00%
Total129100.00%8100.00%


static blk_qc_t brd_make_request(struct request_queue *q, struct bio *bio) { struct block_device *bdev = bio->bi_bdev; struct brd_device *brd = bdev->bd_disk->private_data; int rw; struct bio_vec bvec; sector_t sector; struct bvec_iter iter; sector = bio->bi_iter.bi_sector; if (bio_end_sector(bio) > get_capacity(bdev->bd_disk)) goto io_error; if (unlikely(bio->bi_rw & REQ_DISCARD)) { if (sector & ((PAGE_SIZE >> SECTOR_SHIFT) - 1) || bio->bi_iter.bi_size & ~PAGE_MASK) goto io_error; discard_from_brd(brd, sector, bio->bi_iter.bi_size); goto out; } rw = bio_rw(bio); if (rw == READA) rw = READ; bio_for_each_segment(bvec, bio, iter) { unsigned int len = bvec.bv_len; int err; err = brd_do_bvec(brd, bvec.bv_page, len, bvec.bv_offset, rw, sector); if (err) goto io_error; sector += len >> SECTOR_SHIFT; } out: bio_endio(bio); return BLK_QC_T_NONE; io_error: bio_io_error(bio); return BLK_QC_T_NONE; }

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nick pigginnick piggin15770.72%220.00%
jan karajan kara2511.26%110.00%
christoph hellwigchristoph hellwig188.11%220.00%
kent overstreetkent overstreet146.31%330.00%
jens axboejens axboe73.15%110.00%
bart van asschebart van assche10.45%110.00%
Total222100.00%10100.00%


static int brd_rw_page(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t sector, struct page *page, int rw) { struct brd_device *brd = bdev->bd_disk->private_data; int err = brd_do_bvec(brd, page, PAGE_SIZE, 0, rw, sector); page_endio(page, rw & WRITE, err); return err; }

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matthew wilcoxmatthew wilcox6498.46%150.00%
kirill a. shutemovkirill a. shutemov11.54%150.00%
Total65100.00%2100.00%

#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_DAX
static long brd_direct_access(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t sector, void __pmem **kaddr, pfn_t *pfn, long size) { struct brd_device *brd = bdev->bd_disk->private_data; struct page *page; if (!brd) return -ENODEV; page = brd_insert_page(brd, sector); if (!page) return -ENOSPC; *kaddr = (void __pmem *)page_address(page); *pfn = page_to_pfn_t(page); return PAGE_SIZE; }

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nick pigginnick piggin6670.21%114.29%
jared hulbertjared hulbert1414.89%114.29%
ross zwislerross zwisler66.38%114.29%
dan williamsdan williams55.32%228.57%
matthew wilcoxmatthew wilcox33.19%228.57%
Total94100.00%7100.00%

#else #define brd_direct_access NULL #endif
static int brd_ioctl(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg) { int error; struct brd_device *brd = bdev->bd_disk->private_data; if (cmd != BLKFLSBUF) return -ENOTTY; /* * ram device BLKFLSBUF has special semantics, we want to actually * release and destroy the ramdisk data. */ mutex_lock(&brd_mutex); mutex_lock(&bdev->bd_mutex); error = -EBUSY; if (bdev->bd_openers <= 1) { /* * Kill the cache first, so it isn't written back to the * device. * * Another thread might instantiate more buffercache here, * but there is not much we can do to close that race. */ kill_bdev(bdev); brd_free_pages(brd); error = 0; } mutex_unlock(&bdev->bd_mutex); mutex_unlock(&brd_mutex); return error; }

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nick pigginnick piggin7165.74%19.09%
arnd bergmannarnd bergmann1211.11%218.18%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds98.33%218.18%
al viroal viro76.48%327.27%
pre-gitpre-git76.48%218.18%
arjan van de venarjan van de ven21.85%19.09%
Total108100.00%11100.00%

static const struct block_device_operations brd_fops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .rw_page = brd_rw_page, .ioctl = brd_ioctl, .direct_access = brd_direct_access, }; /* * And now the modules code and kernel interface. */ static int rd_nr = CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT; module_param(rd_nr, int, S_IRUGO); MODULE_PARM_DESC(rd_nr, "Maximum number of brd devices"); int rd_size = CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_SIZE; module_param(rd_size, int, S_IRUGO); MODULE_PARM_DESC(rd_size, "Size of each RAM disk in kbytes."); static int max_part = 1; module_param(max_part, int, S_IRUGO); MODULE_PARM_DESC(max_part, "Num Minors to reserve between devices"); MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); MODULE_ALIAS_BLOCKDEV_MAJOR(RAMDISK_MAJOR); MODULE_ALIAS("rd"); #ifndef MODULE /* Legacy boot options - nonmodular */
static int __init ramdisk_size(char *str) { rd_size = simple_strtol(str, NULL, 0); return 1; }

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nick pigginnick piggin2288.00%150.00%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds312.00%150.00%
Total25100.00%2100.00%

__setup("ramdisk_size=", ramdisk_size); #endif /* * The device scheme is derived from loop.c. Keep them in synch where possible * (should share code eventually). */ static LIST_HEAD(brd_devices); static DEFINE_MUTEX(brd_devices_mutex);
static struct brd_device *brd_alloc(int i) { struct brd_device *brd; struct gendisk *disk; brd = kzalloc(sizeof(*brd), GFP_KERNEL); if (!brd) goto out; brd->brd_number = i; spin_lock_init(&brd->brd_lock); INIT_RADIX_TREE(&brd->brd_pages, GFP_ATOMIC); brd->brd_queue = blk_alloc_queue(GFP_KERNEL); if (!brd->brd_queue) goto out_free_dev; blk_queue_make_request(brd->brd_queue, brd_make_request); blk_queue_max_hw_sectors(brd->brd_queue, 1024); blk_queue_bounce_limit(brd->brd_queue, BLK_BOUNCE_ANY); /* This is so fdisk will align partitions on 4k, because of * direct_access API needing 4k alignment, returning a PFN * (This is only a problem on very small devices <= 4M, * otherwise fdisk will align on 1M. Regardless this call * is harmless) */ blk_queue_physical_block_size(brd->brd_queue, PAGE_SIZE); brd->brd_queue->limits.discard_granularity = PAGE_SIZE; blk_queue_max_discard_sectors(brd->brd_queue, UINT_MAX); brd->brd_queue->limits.discard_zeroes_data = 1; queue_flag_set_unlocked(QUEUE_FLAG_DISCARD, brd->brd_queue); disk = brd->brd_disk = alloc_disk(max_part); if (!disk) goto out_free_queue; disk->major = RAMDISK_MAJOR; disk->first_minor = i * max_part; disk->fops = &brd_fops; disk->private_data = brd; disk->queue = brd->brd_queue; disk->flags = GENHD_FL_EXT_DEVT; sprintf(disk->disk_name, "ram%d", i); set_capacity(disk, rd_size * 2); return brd; out_free_queue: blk_cleanup_queue(brd->brd_queue); out_free_dev: kfree(brd); out: return NULL; }

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nick pigginnick piggin18570.08%29.52%
andrew mortonandrew morton186.82%29.52%
al viroal viro155.68%523.81%
boaz harroshboaz harrosh155.68%29.52%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds93.41%314.29%
eric w. biedermaneric w. biederman83.03%14.76%
pre-gitpre-git51.89%314.29%
marcin krolmarcin krol41.52%14.76%
jens axboejens axboe41.52%14.76%
martin k. petersenmartin k. petersen10.38%14.76%
Total264100.00%21100.00%


static void brd_free(struct brd_device *brd) { put_disk(brd->brd_disk); blk_cleanup_queue(brd->brd_queue); brd_free_pages(brd); kfree(brd); }

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nick pigginnick piggin3291.43%150.00%
pre-gitpre-git38.57%150.00%
Total35100.00%2100.00%


static struct brd_device *brd_init_one(int i, bool *new) { struct brd_device *brd; *new = false; list_for_each_entry(brd, &brd_devices, brd_list) { if (brd->brd_number == i) goto out; } brd = brd_alloc(i); if (brd) { add_disk(brd->brd_disk); list_add_tail(&brd->brd_list, &brd_devices); } *new = true; out: return brd; }

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nick pigginnick piggin5158.62%110.00%
boaz harroshboaz harrosh1416.09%110.00%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds1112.64%330.00%
pre-gitpre-git1011.49%440.00%
al viroal viro11.15%110.00%
Total87100.00%10100.00%


static void brd_del_one(struct brd_device *brd) { list_del(&brd->brd_list); del_gendisk(brd->brd_disk); brd_free(brd); }

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nick pigginnick piggin2167.74%120.00%
al viroal viro722.58%360.00%
jeff garzikjeff garzik39.68%120.00%
Total31100.00%5100.00%


static struct kobject *brd_probe(dev_t dev, int *part, void *data) { struct brd_device *brd; struct kobject *kobj; bool new; mutex_lock(&brd_devices_mutex); brd = brd_init_one(MINOR(dev) / max_part, &new); kobj = brd ? get_disk(brd->brd_disk) : NULL; mutex_unlock(&brd_devices_mutex); if (new) *part = 0; return kobj; }

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PersonTokensPropCommitsCommitProp
nick pigginnick piggin5869.05%116.67%
boaz harroshboaz harrosh1214.29%116.67%
peter zijlstrapeter zijlstra67.14%116.67%
pre-gitpre-git44.76%116.67%
namhyung kimnamhyung kim33.57%116.67%
mikulas patockamikulas patocka11.19%116.67%
Total84100.00%6100.00%


static int __init brd_init(void) { struct brd_device *brd, *next; int i; /* * brd module now has a feature to instantiate underlying device * structure on-demand, provided that there is an access dev node. * * (1) if rd_nr is specified, create that many upfront. else * it defaults to CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT * (2) User can further extend brd devices by create dev node themselves * and have kernel automatically instantiate actual device * on-demand. Example: * mknod /path/devnod_name b 1 X # 1 is the rd major * fdisk -l /path/devnod_name * If (X / max_part) was not already created it will be created * dynamically. */ if (register_blkdev(RAMDISK_MAJOR, "ramdisk")) return -EIO; if (unlikely(!max_part)) max_part = 1; for (i = 0; i < rd_nr; i++) { brd = brd_alloc(i); if (!brd) goto out_free; list_add_tail(&brd->brd_list, &brd_devices); } /* point of no return */ list_for_each_entry(brd, &brd_devices, brd_list) add_disk(brd->brd_disk); blk_register_region(MKDEV(RAMDISK_MAJOR, 0), 1UL << MINORBITS, THIS_MODULE, brd_probe, NULL, NULL); pr_info("brd: module loaded\n"); return 0; out_free: list_for_each_entry_safe(brd, next, &brd_devices, brd_list) { list_del(&brd->brd_list); brd_free(brd); } unregister_blkdev(RAMDISK_MAJOR, "ramdisk"); pr_info("brd: module NOT loaded !!!\n"); return -ENOMEM; }

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PersonTokensPropCommitsCommitProp
nick pigginnick piggin7643.18%15.56%
pre-gitpre-git4324.43%633.33%
boaz harroshboaz harrosh2614.77%15.56%
al viroal viro84.55%316.67%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds84.55%15.56%
peter zijlstrapeter zijlstra73.98%15.56%
andrew mortonandrew morton52.84%211.11%
christoph hellwigchristoph hellwig10.57%15.56%
akinobu mitaakinobu mita10.57%15.56%
eric w. biedermaneric w. biederman10.57%15.56%
Total176100.00%18100.00%


static void __exit brd_exit(void) { struct brd_device *brd, *next; list_for_each_entry_safe(brd, next, &brd_devices, brd_list) brd_del_one(brd); blk_unregister_region(MKDEV(RAMDISK_MAJOR, 0), 1UL << MINORBITS); unregister_blkdev(RAMDISK_MAJOR, "ramdisk"); pr_info("brd: module unloaded\n"); }

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nick pigginnick piggin2746.55%114.29%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds1220.69%114.29%
pre-gitpre-git1017.24%342.86%
boaz harroshboaz harrosh813.79%114.29%
stephen hemmingerstephen hemminger11.72%114.29%
Total58100.00%7100.00%

module_init(brd_init); module_exit(brd_exit);

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nick pigginnick piggin173466.51%54.95%
linus torvaldslinus torvalds1756.71%87.92%
andrew mortonandrew morton1244.76%1413.86%
pre-gitpre-git1204.60%1716.83%
boaz harroshboaz harrosh883.38%21.98%
matthew wilcoxmatthew wilcox843.22%43.96%
al viroal viro642.45%1110.89%
christoph hellwigchristoph hellwig271.04%54.95%
jan karajan kara250.96%10.99%
arnd bergmannarnd bergmann220.84%21.98%
dmitriy monakhovdmitriy monakhov140.54%10.99%
jared hulbertjared hulbert140.54%10.99%
kent overstreetkent overstreet140.54%32.97%
peter zijlstrapeter zijlstra130.50%10.99%
dan williamsdan williams130.50%21.98%
jens axboejens axboe110.42%21.98%
eric w. biedermaneric w. biederman90.35%10.99%
christian borntraegerchristian borntraeger70.27%10.99%
stephen hemmingerstephen hemminger70.27%10.99%
brian behlendorfbrian behlendorf60.23%10.99%
ross zwislerross zwisler60.23%10.99%
namhyung kimnamhyung kim50.19%21.98%
marcin krolmarcin krol40.15%10.99%
jeff garzikjeff garzik30.12%10.99%
tejun heotejun heo30.12%10.99%
robert p. j. dayrobert p. j. day30.12%21.98%
laurent vivierlaurent vivier20.08%10.99%
arjan van de venarjan van de ven20.08%10.99%
petr tesarikpetr tesarik10.04%10.99%
bart van asschebart van assche10.04%10.99%
martin k. petersenmartin k. petersen10.04%10.99%
alexey dobriyanalexey dobriyan10.04%10.99%
kirill a. shutemovkirill a. shutemov10.04%10.99%
russell kingrussell king10.04%10.99%
mikulas patockamikulas patocka10.04%10.99%
akinobu mitaakinobu mita10.04%10.99%
Total2607100.00%101100.00%
Directory: drivers/block
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