Contributors: 23
Author Tokens Token Proportion Commits Commit Proportion
Markus Armbruster 3353 92.73% 5 12.20%
Juergen Gross 68 1.88% 3 7.32%
Joe Jin 33 0.91% 2 4.88%
David Vrabel 27 0.75% 2 4.88%
Julia Lawall 23 0.64% 1 2.44%
Jeremy Fitzhardinge 21 0.58% 3 7.32%
Greg Kroah-Hartman 17 0.47% 1 2.44%
Julien Grall 13 0.36% 2 4.88%
Thomas Zimmermann 13 0.36% 4 9.76%
Noboru Iwamatsu 6 0.17% 1 2.44%
Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk 6 0.17% 2 4.88%
Linus Torvalds (pre-git) 5 0.14% 2 4.88%
Linus Torvalds 5 0.14% 2 4.88%
Stefano Stabellini 4 0.11% 2 4.88%
Jiri Slaby 4 0.11% 1 2.44%
John Ogness 4 0.11% 1 2.44%
Kees Cook 4 0.11% 1 2.44%
Gustavo A. R. Silva 3 0.08% 1 2.44%
Al Viro 2 0.06% 1 2.44%
Dawei Li 2 0.06% 1 2.44%
Jan Beulich 1 0.03% 1 2.44%
Jani Nikula 1 0.03% 1 2.44%
Joe Perches 1 0.03% 1 2.44%
Total 3616 41 


/*
 * Xen para-virtual frame buffer device
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2005-2006 Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
 * Copyright (C) 2006-2008 Red Hat, Inc., Markus Armbruster <armbru@redhat.com>
 *
 *  Based on linux/drivers/video/q40fb.c
 *
 *  This file is subject to the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public
 *  License. See the file COPYING in the main directory of this archive for
 *  more details.
 */

/*
 * TODO:
 *
 * Switch to grant tables when they become capable of dealing with the
 * frame buffer.
 */

#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt

#include <linux/console.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/fb.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>

#include <asm/xen/hypervisor.h>

#include <xen/xen.h>
#include <xen/events.h>
#include <xen/page.h>
#include <xen/interface/io/fbif.h>
#include <xen/interface/io/protocols.h>
#include <xen/xenbus.h>
#include <xen/platform_pci.h>

struct xenfb_info {
	unsigned char		*fb;
	struct fb_info		*fb_info;
	int			x1, y1, x2, y2;	/* dirty rectangle,
						   protected by dirty_lock */
	spinlock_t		dirty_lock;
	int			nr_pages;
	int			irq;
	struct xenfb_page	*page;
	unsigned long 		*gfns;
	int			update_wanted; /* XENFB_TYPE_UPDATE wanted */
	int			feature_resize; /* XENFB_TYPE_RESIZE ok */
	struct xenfb_resize	resize;		/* protected by resize_lock */
	int			resize_dpy;	/* ditto */
	spinlock_t		resize_lock;

	struct xenbus_device	*xbdev;
};

#define XENFB_DEFAULT_FB_LEN (XENFB_WIDTH * XENFB_HEIGHT * XENFB_DEPTH / 8)

enum { KPARAM_MEM, KPARAM_WIDTH, KPARAM_HEIGHT, KPARAM_CNT };
static int video[KPARAM_CNT] = { 2, XENFB_WIDTH, XENFB_HEIGHT };
module_param_array(video, int, NULL, 0);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(video,
	"Video memory size in MB, width, height in pixels (default 2,800,600)");

static void xenfb_make_preferred_console(void);
static void xenfb_remove(struct xenbus_device *);
static void xenfb_init_shared_page(struct xenfb_info *, struct fb_info *);
static int xenfb_connect_backend(struct xenbus_device *, struct xenfb_info *);
static void xenfb_disconnect_backend(struct xenfb_info *);

static void xenfb_send_event(struct xenfb_info *info,
			     union xenfb_out_event *event)
{
	u32 prod;

	prod = info->page->out_prod;
	/* caller ensures !xenfb_queue_full() */
	mb();			/* ensure ring space available */
	XENFB_OUT_RING_REF(info->page, prod) = *event;
	wmb();			/* ensure ring contents visible */
	info->page->out_prod = prod + 1;

	notify_remote_via_irq(info->irq);
}

static void xenfb_do_update(struct xenfb_info *info,
			    int x, int y, int w, int h)
{
	union xenfb_out_event event;

	memset(&event, 0, sizeof(event));
	event.type = XENFB_TYPE_UPDATE;
	event.update.x = x;
	event.update.y = y;
	event.update.width = w;
	event.update.height = h;

	/* caller ensures !xenfb_queue_full() */
	xenfb_send_event(info, &event);
}

static void xenfb_do_resize(struct xenfb_info *info)
{
	union xenfb_out_event event;

	memset(&event, 0, sizeof(event));
	event.resize = info->resize;

	/* caller ensures !xenfb_queue_full() */
	xenfb_send_event(info, &event);
}

static int xenfb_queue_full(struct xenfb_info *info)
{
	u32 cons, prod;

	prod = info->page->out_prod;
	cons = info->page->out_cons;
	return prod - cons == XENFB_OUT_RING_LEN;
}

static void xenfb_handle_resize_dpy(struct xenfb_info *info)
{
	unsigned long flags;

	spin_lock_irqsave(&info->resize_lock, flags);
	if (info->resize_dpy) {
		if (!xenfb_queue_full(info)) {
			info->resize_dpy = 0;
			xenfb_do_resize(info);
		}
	}
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&info->resize_lock, flags);
}

static void xenfb_refresh(struct xenfb_info *info,
			  int x1, int y1, int w, int h)
{
	unsigned long flags;
	int x2 = x1 + w - 1;
	int y2 = y1 + h - 1;

	xenfb_handle_resize_dpy(info);

	if (!info->update_wanted)
		return;

	spin_lock_irqsave(&info->dirty_lock, flags);

	/* Combine with dirty rectangle: */
	if (info->y1 < y1)
		y1 = info->y1;
	if (info->y2 > y2)
		y2 = info->y2;
	if (info->x1 < x1)
		x1 = info->x1;
	if (info->x2 > x2)
		x2 = info->x2;

	if (xenfb_queue_full(info)) {
		/* Can't send right now, stash it in the dirty rectangle */
		info->x1 = x1;
		info->x2 = x2;
		info->y1 = y1;
		info->y2 = y2;
		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&info->dirty_lock, flags);
		return;
	}

	/* Clear dirty rectangle: */
	info->x1 = info->y1 = INT_MAX;
	info->x2 = info->y2 = 0;

	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&info->dirty_lock, flags);

	if (x1 <= x2 && y1 <= y2)
		xenfb_do_update(info, x1, y1, x2 - x1 + 1, y2 - y1 + 1);
}

static void xenfb_deferred_io(struct fb_info *fb_info, struct list_head *pagereflist)
{
	struct xenfb_info *info = fb_info->par;
	struct fb_deferred_io_pageref *pageref;
	unsigned long beg, end;
	int y1, y2, miny, maxy;

	miny = INT_MAX;
	maxy = 0;
	list_for_each_entry(pageref, pagereflist, list) {
		beg = pageref->offset;
		end = beg + PAGE_SIZE - 1;
		y1 = beg / fb_info->fix.line_length;
		y2 = end / fb_info->fix.line_length;
		if (y2 >= fb_info->var.yres)
			y2 = fb_info->var.yres - 1;
		if (miny > y1)
			miny = y1;
		if (maxy < y2)
			maxy = y2;
	}
	xenfb_refresh(info, 0, miny, fb_info->var.xres, maxy - miny + 1);
}

static struct fb_deferred_io xenfb_defio = {
	.delay		= HZ / 20,
	.deferred_io	= xenfb_deferred_io,
};

static int xenfb_setcolreg(unsigned regno, unsigned red, unsigned green,
			   unsigned blue, unsigned transp,
			   struct fb_info *info)
{
	u32 v;

	if (regno > info->cmap.len)
		return 1;

#define CNVT_TOHW(val, width) ((((val)<<(width))+0x7FFF-(val))>>16)
	red = CNVT_TOHW(red, info->var.red.length);
	green = CNVT_TOHW(green, info->var.green.length);
	blue = CNVT_TOHW(blue, info->var.blue.length);
#undef CNVT_TOHW

	v = (red << info->var.red.offset) |
	    (green << info->var.green.offset) |
	    (blue << info->var.blue.offset);

	switch (info->var.bits_per_pixel) {
	case 16:
	case 24:
	case 32:
		((u32 *)info->pseudo_palette)[regno] = v;
		break;
	}

	return 0;
}

static void xenfb_fillrect(struct fb_info *p, const struct fb_fillrect *rect)
{
	struct xenfb_info *info = p->par;

	sys_fillrect(p, rect);
	xenfb_refresh(info, rect->dx, rect->dy, rect->width, rect->height);
}

static void xenfb_imageblit(struct fb_info *p, const struct fb_image *image)
{
	struct xenfb_info *info = p->par;

	sys_imageblit(p, image);
	xenfb_refresh(info, image->dx, image->dy, image->width, image->height);
}

static void xenfb_copyarea(struct fb_info *p, const struct fb_copyarea *area)
{
	struct xenfb_info *info = p->par;

	sys_copyarea(p, area);
	xenfb_refresh(info, area->dx, area->dy, area->width, area->height);
}

static ssize_t xenfb_write(struct fb_info *p, const char __user *buf,
			size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
	struct xenfb_info *info = p->par;
	ssize_t res;

	res = fb_sys_write(p, buf, count, ppos);
	xenfb_refresh(info, 0, 0, info->page->width, info->page->height);
	return res;
}

static int
xenfb_check_var(struct fb_var_screeninfo *var, struct fb_info *info)
{
	struct xenfb_info *xenfb_info;
	int required_mem_len;

	xenfb_info = info->par;

	if (!xenfb_info->feature_resize) {
		if (var->xres == video[KPARAM_WIDTH] &&
		    var->yres == video[KPARAM_HEIGHT] &&
		    var->bits_per_pixel == xenfb_info->page->depth) {
			return 0;
		}
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/* Can't resize past initial width and height */
	if (var->xres > video[KPARAM_WIDTH] || var->yres > video[KPARAM_HEIGHT])
		return -EINVAL;

	required_mem_len = var->xres * var->yres * xenfb_info->page->depth / 8;
	if (var->bits_per_pixel == xenfb_info->page->depth &&
	    var->xres <= info->fix.line_length / (XENFB_DEPTH / 8) &&
	    required_mem_len <= info->fix.smem_len) {
		var->xres_virtual = var->xres;
		var->yres_virtual = var->yres;
		return 0;
	}
	return -EINVAL;
}

static int xenfb_set_par(struct fb_info *info)
{
	struct xenfb_info *xenfb_info;
	unsigned long flags;

	xenfb_info = info->par;

	spin_lock_irqsave(&xenfb_info->resize_lock, flags);
	xenfb_info->resize.type = XENFB_TYPE_RESIZE;
	xenfb_info->resize.width = info->var.xres;
	xenfb_info->resize.height = info->var.yres;
	xenfb_info->resize.stride = info->fix.line_length;
	xenfb_info->resize.depth = info->var.bits_per_pixel;
	xenfb_info->resize.offset = 0;
	xenfb_info->resize_dpy = 1;
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&xenfb_info->resize_lock, flags);
	return 0;
}

static const struct fb_ops xenfb_fb_ops = {
	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
	.fb_read	= fb_sys_read,
	.fb_write	= xenfb_write,
	.fb_setcolreg	= xenfb_setcolreg,
	.fb_fillrect	= xenfb_fillrect,
	.fb_copyarea	= xenfb_copyarea,
	.fb_imageblit	= xenfb_imageblit,
	.fb_check_var	= xenfb_check_var,
	.fb_set_par     = xenfb_set_par,
	.fb_mmap	= fb_deferred_io_mmap,
};

static irqreturn_t xenfb_event_handler(int rq, void *dev_id)
{
	/*
	 * No in events recognized, simply ignore them all.
	 * If you need to recognize some, see xen-kbdfront's
	 * input_handler() for how to do that.
	 */
	struct xenfb_info *info = dev_id;
	struct xenfb_page *page = info->page;

	if (page->in_cons != page->in_prod) {
		info->page->in_cons = info->page->in_prod;
		notify_remote_via_irq(info->irq);
	}

	/* Flush dirty rectangle: */
	xenfb_refresh(info, INT_MAX, INT_MAX, -INT_MAX, -INT_MAX);

	return IRQ_HANDLED;
}

static int xenfb_probe(struct xenbus_device *dev,
		       const struct xenbus_device_id *id)
{
	struct xenfb_info *info;
	struct fb_info *fb_info;
	int fb_size;
	int val;
	int ret = 0;

	info = kzalloc(sizeof(*info), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (info == NULL) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(dev, -ENOMEM, "allocating info structure");
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	/* Limit kernel param videoram amount to what is in xenstore */
	if (xenbus_scanf(XBT_NIL, dev->otherend, "videoram", "%d", &val) == 1) {
		if (val < video[KPARAM_MEM])
			video[KPARAM_MEM] = val;
	}

	video[KPARAM_WIDTH] = xenbus_read_unsigned(dev->otherend, "width",
						   video[KPARAM_WIDTH]);
	video[KPARAM_HEIGHT] = xenbus_read_unsigned(dev->otherend, "height",
						    video[KPARAM_HEIGHT]);

	/* If requested res does not fit in available memory, use default */
	fb_size = video[KPARAM_MEM] * 1024 * 1024;
	if (video[KPARAM_WIDTH] * video[KPARAM_HEIGHT] * XENFB_DEPTH / 8
	    > fb_size) {
		pr_warn("display parameters %d,%d,%d invalid, use defaults\n",
			video[KPARAM_MEM], video[KPARAM_WIDTH],
			video[KPARAM_HEIGHT]);
		video[KPARAM_WIDTH] = XENFB_WIDTH;
		video[KPARAM_HEIGHT] = XENFB_HEIGHT;
		fb_size = XENFB_DEFAULT_FB_LEN;
	}

	dev_set_drvdata(&dev->dev, info);
	info->xbdev = dev;
	info->irq = -1;
	info->x1 = info->y1 = INT_MAX;
	spin_lock_init(&info->dirty_lock);
	spin_lock_init(&info->resize_lock);

	info->fb = vzalloc(fb_size);
	if (info->fb == NULL)
		goto error_nomem;

	info->nr_pages = (fb_size + PAGE_SIZE - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

	info->gfns = vmalloc(array_size(sizeof(unsigned long), info->nr_pages));
	if (!info->gfns)
		goto error_nomem;

	/* set up shared page */
	info->page = (void *)__get_free_page(GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_ZERO);
	if (!info->page)
		goto error_nomem;

	/* abusing framebuffer_alloc() to allocate pseudo_palette */
	fb_info = framebuffer_alloc(sizeof(u32) * 256, NULL);
	if (fb_info == NULL)
		goto error_nomem;

	/* complete the abuse: */
	fb_info->pseudo_palette = fb_info->par;
	fb_info->par = info;

	fb_info->screen_base = info->fb;

	fb_info->fbops = &xenfb_fb_ops;
	fb_info->var.xres_virtual = fb_info->var.xres = video[KPARAM_WIDTH];
	fb_info->var.yres_virtual = fb_info->var.yres = video[KPARAM_HEIGHT];
	fb_info->var.bits_per_pixel = XENFB_DEPTH;

	fb_info->var.red = (struct fb_bitfield){16, 8, 0};
	fb_info->var.green = (struct fb_bitfield){8, 8, 0};
	fb_info->var.blue = (struct fb_bitfield){0, 8, 0};

	fb_info->var.activate = FB_ACTIVATE_NOW;
	fb_info->var.height = -1;
	fb_info->var.width = -1;
	fb_info->var.vmode = FB_VMODE_NONINTERLACED;

	fb_info->fix.visual = FB_VISUAL_TRUECOLOR;
	fb_info->fix.line_length = fb_info->var.xres * XENFB_DEPTH / 8;
	fb_info->fix.smem_start = 0;
	fb_info->fix.smem_len = fb_size;
	strcpy(fb_info->fix.id, "xen");
	fb_info->fix.type = FB_TYPE_PACKED_PIXELS;
	fb_info->fix.accel = FB_ACCEL_NONE;

	fb_info->flags = FBINFO_FLAG_DEFAULT | FBINFO_VIRTFB;

	ret = fb_alloc_cmap(&fb_info->cmap, 256, 0);
	if (ret < 0) {
		framebuffer_release(fb_info);
		xenbus_dev_fatal(dev, ret, "fb_alloc_cmap");
		goto error;
	}

	fb_info->fbdefio = &xenfb_defio;
	fb_deferred_io_init(fb_info);

	xenfb_init_shared_page(info, fb_info);

	ret = xenfb_connect_backend(dev, info);
	if (ret < 0) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(dev, ret, "xenfb_connect_backend");
		goto error_fb;
	}

	ret = register_framebuffer(fb_info);
	if (ret) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(dev, ret, "register_framebuffer");
		goto error_fb;
	}
	info->fb_info = fb_info;

	xenfb_make_preferred_console();
	return 0;

error_fb:
	fb_deferred_io_cleanup(fb_info);
	fb_dealloc_cmap(&fb_info->cmap);
	framebuffer_release(fb_info);
error_nomem:
	if (!ret) {
		ret = -ENOMEM;
		xenbus_dev_fatal(dev, ret, "allocating device memory");
	}
error:
	xenfb_remove(dev);
	return ret;
}

static void xenfb_make_preferred_console(void)
{
	struct console *c;

	if (console_set_on_cmdline)
		return;

	console_list_lock();
	for_each_console(c) {
		if (!strcmp(c->name, "tty") && c->index == 0)
			break;
	}
	if (c)
		console_force_preferred_locked(c);
	console_list_unlock();
}

static int xenfb_resume(struct xenbus_device *dev)
{
	struct xenfb_info *info = dev_get_drvdata(&dev->dev);

	xenfb_disconnect_backend(info);
	xenfb_init_shared_page(info, info->fb_info);
	return xenfb_connect_backend(dev, info);
}

static void xenfb_remove(struct xenbus_device *dev)
{
	struct xenfb_info *info = dev_get_drvdata(&dev->dev);

	xenfb_disconnect_backend(info);
	if (info->fb_info) {
		fb_deferred_io_cleanup(info->fb_info);
		unregister_framebuffer(info->fb_info);
		fb_dealloc_cmap(&info->fb_info->cmap);
		framebuffer_release(info->fb_info);
	}
	free_page((unsigned long)info->page);
	vfree(info->gfns);
	vfree(info->fb);
	kfree(info);
}

static unsigned long vmalloc_to_gfn(void *address)
{
	return xen_page_to_gfn(vmalloc_to_page(address));
}

static void xenfb_init_shared_page(struct xenfb_info *info,
				   struct fb_info *fb_info)
{
	int i;
	int epd = PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(info->gfns[0]);

	for (i = 0; i < info->nr_pages; i++)
		info->gfns[i] = vmalloc_to_gfn(info->fb + i * PAGE_SIZE);

	for (i = 0; i * epd < info->nr_pages; i++)
		info->page->pd[i] = vmalloc_to_gfn(&info->gfns[i * epd]);

	info->page->width = fb_info->var.xres;
	info->page->height = fb_info->var.yres;
	info->page->depth = fb_info->var.bits_per_pixel;
	info->page->line_length = fb_info->fix.line_length;
	info->page->mem_length = fb_info->fix.smem_len;
	info->page->in_cons = info->page->in_prod = 0;
	info->page->out_cons = info->page->out_prod = 0;
}

static int xenfb_connect_backend(struct xenbus_device *dev,
				 struct xenfb_info *info)
{
	int ret, evtchn, irq;
	struct xenbus_transaction xbt;

	ret = xenbus_alloc_evtchn(dev, &evtchn);
	if (ret)
		return ret;
	irq = bind_evtchn_to_irqhandler(evtchn, xenfb_event_handler,
					0, dev->devicetype, info);
	if (irq < 0) {
		xenbus_free_evtchn(dev, evtchn);
		xenbus_dev_fatal(dev, ret, "bind_evtchn_to_irqhandler");
		return irq;
	}
 again:
	ret = xenbus_transaction_start(&xbt);
	if (ret) {
		xenbus_dev_fatal(dev, ret, "starting transaction");
		goto unbind_irq;
	}
	ret = xenbus_printf(xbt, dev->nodename, "page-ref", "%lu",
			    virt_to_gfn(info->page));
	if (ret)
		goto error_xenbus;
	ret = xenbus_printf(xbt, dev->nodename, "event-channel", "%u",
			    evtchn);
	if (ret)
		goto error_xenbus;
	ret = xenbus_printf(xbt, dev->nodename, "protocol", "%s",
			    XEN_IO_PROTO_ABI_NATIVE);
	if (ret)
		goto error_xenbus;
	ret = xenbus_printf(xbt, dev->nodename, "feature-update", "1");
	if (ret)
		goto error_xenbus;
	ret = xenbus_transaction_end(xbt, 0);
	if (ret) {
		if (ret == -EAGAIN)
			goto again;
		xenbus_dev_fatal(dev, ret, "completing transaction");
		goto unbind_irq;
	}

	xenbus_switch_state(dev, XenbusStateInitialised);
	info->irq = irq;
	return 0;

 error_xenbus:
	xenbus_transaction_end(xbt, 1);
	xenbus_dev_fatal(dev, ret, "writing xenstore");
 unbind_irq:
	unbind_from_irqhandler(irq, info);
	return ret;
}

static void xenfb_disconnect_backend(struct xenfb_info *info)
{
	/* Prevent xenfb refresh */
	info->update_wanted = 0;
	if (info->irq >= 0)
		unbind_from_irqhandler(info->irq, info);
	info->irq = -1;
}

static void xenfb_backend_changed(struct xenbus_device *dev,
				  enum xenbus_state backend_state)
{
	struct xenfb_info *info = dev_get_drvdata(&dev->dev);

	switch (backend_state) {
	case XenbusStateInitialising:
	case XenbusStateInitialised:
	case XenbusStateReconfiguring:
	case XenbusStateReconfigured:
	case XenbusStateUnknown:
		break;

	case XenbusStateInitWait:
		xenbus_switch_state(dev, XenbusStateConnected);
		break;

	case XenbusStateConnected:
		/*
		 * Work around xenbus race condition: If backend goes
		 * through InitWait to Connected fast enough, we can
		 * get Connected twice here.
		 */
		if (dev->state != XenbusStateConnected)
			/* no InitWait seen yet, fudge it */
			xenbus_switch_state(dev, XenbusStateConnected);

		if (xenbus_read_unsigned(info->xbdev->otherend,
					 "request-update", 0))
			info->update_wanted = 1;

		info->feature_resize = xenbus_read_unsigned(dev->otherend,
							"feature-resize", 0);
		break;

	case XenbusStateClosed:
		if (dev->state == XenbusStateClosed)
			break;
		fallthrough;	/* Missed the backend's CLOSING state */
	case XenbusStateClosing:
		xenbus_frontend_closed(dev);
		break;
	}
}

static const struct xenbus_device_id xenfb_ids[] = {
	{ "vfb" },
	{ "" }
};

static struct xenbus_driver xenfb_driver = {
	.ids = xenfb_ids,
	.probe = xenfb_probe,
	.remove = xenfb_remove,
	.resume = xenfb_resume,
	.otherend_changed = xenfb_backend_changed,
	.not_essential = true,
};

static int __init xenfb_init(void)
{
	if (!xen_domain())
		return -ENODEV;

	/* Nothing to do if running in dom0. */
	if (xen_initial_domain())
		return -ENODEV;

	if (!xen_has_pv_devices())
		return -ENODEV;

	return xenbus_register_frontend(&xenfb_driver);
}

static void __exit xenfb_cleanup(void)
{
	xenbus_unregister_driver(&xenfb_driver);
}

module_init(xenfb_init);
module_exit(xenfb_cleanup);

MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Xen virtual framebuffer device frontend");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_ALIAS("xen:vfb");